Pakistan Studies Paper 1

Oct / Nov 2016·2059·5 questions

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Question 1

1(a)[3]

According to Source A, why was there opposition to the Simon Commission of 1927? [3]

Reward each correct statement identified from the source with 1 mark, up to a maximum of 3.

No Indian representation on the Commission

Value friendship with Congress more than British concession

Not on equal terms with British in framing new constitution

Not satisfied with being only petitioners.

1(b)[5]

What does Source B tell us about the negotiations during the Round Table Conferences between 1930 and 1932? LEVEL 1: Identifies surface features from the source [1]

Britain is in control of the car LEVEL 2: Unsupported inferences [2–3] The driver looks under pressure to give up control of the car LEVEL 3: Inference(s) supported by detail from the source and/or contextual knowledge [4–5]

The driver of the car is John Bull who represents British interests at the negotiations.

The car is travelling over bumpy ground which represents the way that negotiations went during these years – difficult negotiations.

The Indian in the car who represents their negotiators wants to take control from the British who are reluctant to give up control.

It suggests that the British feared that progress towards change might happen too quickly, hence the reference to the brake on the car.

The source explains why the political leaders in India were reluctant to attend the Round Table Conferences because it shows that the decisions had already been made by the British, in the way that John Bull wants to keep control of the car.

1(c)[7]

Explain the importance of the Government of India Act of 1935 to the future of the sub- continent. LEVEL 1: Simple statement [1]

It was used to govern India LEVEL 2: Identifies importance [2–4] More people could vote and there was some provincial autonomy LEVEL 3: Explains importance [5–7]

Some provincial autonomy was granted which meant that every provincial government was allowed to devise and carry out their own programmes and be responsible to their own legislature.

This was the first time that this had been allowed and was seen as an important step forward.

Ministers in the provinces could have control over all departments except when governors chose to intervene in cases of public order or to veto a bill

It provided additional rights for the local population to vote – some 5 times the previous numbers at 35 million in total.

Provisions for a federal government were established for the first time, which meant that princely states could decide to participate politically in affairs concerning the sub-continent.

However, key decisions relating to external relations and defence were retained by the British, and opposed by the Indians.

1(d)[10]

How successful were the provincial elections held in India in 1937? Explain your answer. LEVEL 1: Simple statement [1–2] The elections were useful for the Indians LEVEL 2: Describes elections/identifies success and/or less success [3–4] Congress won most seats and Muslims were disappointed LEVEL 3: Explains the success OR less success of the elections [5–7] LEVEL 4: Explains the success AND less success of the elections [6–9] Successful For Hindus/Congress:

Congress won majorities in 5 provinces and largest single party in 4 others

Saw themselves as the sole party representing Indians

Led to formation of cabinets in 8 provinces. For Muslims/Muslim League:

First major election fought and helped to unify the Muslim League

Led to improvements in organisation and planning

Learnt that their support lay in areas where Muslims in minority rather than in majority

Recognition of an ‘image problem’ as its leaders were seen as not in touch with ordinary Muslims. Less successful For Hindus/Congress:

Congress alienated the Muslim League after the elections which led to difficulties in future negotiations

Attitude of Congress and Nehru hardened Muslim views towards a separate nation. For Muslims/Muslim League:

Relative poor performance in the elections;

out of 489 Muslim seats, the Muslim League won 109.

In the Punjab;

out of 86 Muslim seats, Muslim League won 1 and others taken by Punjab Unionist Party

Muslims felt betrayed by the British who were seen as too concerned with getting the new provincial governments running rather than being concerned with Muslim rights

Congress used its new powers to further upset Muslims during Congress Rule. LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation [10]

Question 2

2(a)[4]

Who was Nana Sahib? [4]

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to the following:

During the War of Independence at Kanpur he led the revolt that killed British officers and other Europeans

He had a personal grievance against the British for stopping his pension

A British force surrendered to him and his force, having been given a promise of safe passage out of the area

Nana Sahib fired on the British on barges killing 300 women and children and the soldiers

He escaped and was never captured.

2(b)[7]

Why was Britain so successful in expanding its control of the sub-continent between 1750 and 1850? LEVEL 1: Simple statement [1]

They were stronger LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons [2–4] They captured rich lands and had an experienced army LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5–7]

The battles of Plassey and Buxar gave the British the riches of Bengal and favourable trading rights with the local nawabs

This provided massive new resources, which the British could use to consolidate control

The British also introduced governor-generals into the provinces who administered them on British lines and provided yet more control.

The British army using its vast local resources and modern weapons and military skill were taking control of even more land.

2(c)[14]

Was the development of a western education system the greatest achievement of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan? Explain your answer. LEVEL 1: Simple statement [1–2] LEVEL 2: Identifies/describes achievements [3–6] He wrote a number of books and opened a school and a university LEVEL 3: Explains development of a western education system OR other factors [7–10] LEVEL 4: Explains development of a western education system AND other factors [9–13] Western education system

In 1863, he founded the Scientific Society at Ghazipore this made scientific writings available to Muslims by translating them from English into Urdu.

He established a Muslim college, which led to the Muslim-Anglo Oriental College in 1876 and then the University of Aligarh, which is important in Pakistani history as it educated many of its future leaders.

In 1886 he set up the Mohammedan Educational Conference with the aim of raising educational standards amongst all Muslims.

He devoted his time to improving the position of Muslims through education. Other factors He suggested that the British should try to understand Muslims better

He gave explanation of the word ‘Nadarath’ in an attempt to remove the misunderstanding of the British about Muslims.

He was also aware that the British knew little about Islam and was offended by a book he read in Britain on the life of the Prophet and, as a result, wrote his own work correcting the many errors he had read.

He believed that relations with the British also could be improved by improving the understanding of Christianity by Muslims. He tried to overcome this by writing Tabyin-ul-Kalam, which pointed out the similarities between Islam and Christianity.

He wrote a number of books following the War of Independence showing the British that the Muslims were only partly to blame and that there were Muslims who were supporters of the British government.

He felt that the British should treat the Muslims and Hindus differently since they lived separate and different lives from one another and so were really like separate nations.

He was the first person to express this point of view and it became known as the Two Nation Theory that gave hope to Muslims of a separate homeland. LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation [14]

Question 3

3(a)[4]

Describe what happened at Lucknow in 1916. [4]

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to:

Congress agreed to concessions with Muslim League – right to separate electorates, 1/3 of seats in Councils

Both wanted more seats in Councils, protection of minorities, provinces to have autonomy, proposals to be binding on British

First time joint agreement, Congress accepted some form of partition needed, Home Rule seemed a possibility and Muslim League realised they needed to work with Congress.

3(b)[7]

Why did the Khilafat Movement emerge? LEVEL 1: Simple statement [1]

Because of WW1 LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons [2–4] The Muslims thought Turkey would be split up LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5–7]

Muslims held the Caliphate of Turkey in high regard and were not prepared to see Turkey split up after the war.

They expressed their views to the British government during the war who promised that no harm would be done to the Caliphate.

After the war ended, reports from Europe suggested that the British and French wanted to punish the Turks for their support of the Germans.

As a result, the Khilafat Movement was founded.

3(c)[14]

Was the partition of Bengal the main reason for the formation of the Muslim League in 1906? Give reasons for your answer. LEVEL 1: Simple statement [1–2] LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons for partition [3–6] The partition caused resentment amongst the Hindus LEVEL 3: Explains the partition of Bengal reason OR other reasons [7–10] LEVEL 4: Explains the partition of Bengal reason AND other reasons [9–13] Partition of Bengal

Hindus protested against the partition of Bengal - Muslims saw this as a sign of the influence the Hindus had over the British

The Muslims started to think about their own survival and political representation

Muslims were also increasingly aware that their political rights would not be advanced if they continued to rely on the Indian National Congress

By not organising a Muslim group they would continue to be disorganised and disunited over the partition. Other reasons

The growth of a better understanding between the British and Muslims that was reflected in the Simla Declaration in 1905

In 1905, a new Liberal government had taken office that seemed likely to make changes in political representation, so Muslims felt that they needed their own political party

The Congress was seen as an organisation which would only advance Hindu views as it demanded that India should be treated as a cultural and political whole and Hindi should be declared the official language

They did not feel they had the same influence as Congress with the British

The growth of extreme Hindu nationalist groups which demanded that Muslims be forcibly converted to Hinduism. LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation [14]

Question 4

4(a)[4]

What was the 3 June Plan? [4]

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to the following:

Mountbatten sent in 1947 to work out a plan for the British to leave India

Two states to be set up India and Pakistan

Government of India Act 1935 to be constitution of both countries

Each state to have Dominion status, an Executive responsible to Constituent Assembly

Muslim majority provinces to vote on whether to stay with India or join Pakistan

Punjab and Bengal divided

Muslims accepted the plan, meant 7 weeks to partition as announced by Mountbatten.

4(b)[7]

Explain why the All India Muslim Conference rejected the Nehru Report in 1928. LEVEL 1: Simple statement [1]

It could not work with it LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons [2–4] Congress ignored the Muslim viewpoint LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5–7]

The report ignored the views of Muslims.

Congress had gone back on the view of having separate electorates established at Lucknow in 1916.

There was no room for automatic Muslim representation in the parliament which the Muslim League wanted.

Muslims were against Hindi being the official language of India and therefore saw no future in their relationship with Hindus.

The Muslim League foresaw that the Punjab and Bengal was in danger of not having adult suffrage and so wanted seats to be reserved for Muslims on a population basis.

4(c)[14]

Did Allama Iqbal contribute more to the Pakistan Movement than Rahmat Ali? Explain your answer. LEVEL 1: Simple statement [1–2] They both went to university LEVEL 2: Describes the relationship/identifies successes or failures [3–6]

Allama Iqbal was a poet, knighted by the British.

Rahmat Ali named Pakistan LEVEL 3: Explains Allama Iqbal’s OR Rahmat Ali’s contributions to the Pakistan Movement [7–10] LEVEL 4: Explains Allama Iqbal’s AND Rahmat Ali’s contributions to the Pakistan Movement [9–13] Allama Iqbal

He was the first Muslim leader to advocate the partition of India and the creation of a separate Muslim state.

After his Allahabad address in 1930 when he put forward this view, many Muslims seriously considered separatism during the 1930s.

He was opposed to British control of India – conquest of others was wrong and went against the Muslim faith, this strengthened his view of a separate homeland, independent of the British.

He persuaded many Muslims that the Muslim League had to build an effective mass political party to challenge the domination of the Congress.

Jinnah took up many of his ideas and went on to lead the Muslim League as a highly effective political party.

Iqbal’s poetry awakened a sense of nationhood among Muslims and he urged them to be active in making progress along a distinctive Islamic path and not capitalist in nature.

Many Muslims adopted this vision as a view of the future. Rahmat Ali

In 1933 he and some fellow students produced a pamphlet called ‘Now or Never’ in which he argued in favour of partition and gave the name Pakistan to this new Muslim state that would be formed.

This became popular amongst most Muslims during the 1930s.

He wanted a separate independent state.

He criticised plans to abandon Muslim communities in such places as Delhi as well as accepting a divided Bengal.

Jinnah refused to meet him.

Ali’s vision of the future was adopted in the longer term. LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation [14]

Question 5

5(a)[4]

Describe General Pervez Musharraf’s rise to power in 1999. [4]

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded for a developed statement. Candidates might refer to the following:

Nawaz Sharif tried to blame the Kashmir retreat on Pervez Musharraf but this was not accepted.

Nawaz Sharif tried unsuccessfully to replace him as the chief of army when he was visiting Sri Lanka.

Nawaz Sharif would not give permission for his plane to land in Pakistan.

Pervez Musharraf’s army staff overthrew Nawaz Sharif, allowing his plane to land.

He then put Pakistan under military rule.

It was a bloodless coup which allowed life to go on as normal.

5(b)[7]

Why was there a constitutional crisis between 1954 and 1955? LEVEL 1: Simple statement [1]

Pakistan had been only recently established. LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons [2–4]

Jinnah had died and there were major problems in running the new country.

Politicians were inexperienced. LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5–7]

Jinnah had died in 1948 and Khan Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated in 1951.

The country was struggling to establish itself without these two figures.

The problems of running a new country were very difficult to overcome and joint assets had not been shared.

There was a lack of stability which led to many different governments being formed during these years.

In 1953 Nazimuddin’s government was dismissed and replaced with Bogra who lacked experience.

An example was in the passing of the amendment to Government of India Act in 1954 while Ghulam Muhammad was abroad to limit his powers causing a crisis. When he returned he dissolved the Assembly and declared a state of emergency stating that Bogra had lost the confidence of the people.

This was challenged in court but Ghulam Muhammad prevailed.

The One Unit Policy was also unpopular, causing unrest.

5(c)[14]

How successful was Pakistan’s relationship with the UK and the Commonwealth in the years 1947 to 1999? Explain your answer. LEVEL 1: Simple statement [1–2] LEVEL 2: Identifies/describes successes [3–6] Both countries have been members of CENTO and SEATO as well as the UN LEVEL 3: Explains the successes OR less success [7–10] LEVEL 4: Explains the successes AND less success [9–13] Success

British personnel remained in Pakistan post 1947

Britain helped to broker a peace deal in 1965

Margaret Thatcher visited in 1981

£46m aid for Afghan refugees in Pakistan, an important trading partner

Commonwealth member until 1971, aid given to Pakistan by other Commonwealth countries

Britain supported Pakistan’s support of Afghanistan during conflict with Russia and gave £30m aid in support of Afghan refugees in Pakistan

By 1986, there was some £376m worth of trade between Pakistan and the UK Pakistan re-joined the Commonwealth in 1989. Less success

Britain refused to interfere in Kashmir problem

Pakistan criticism over Suez crisis

Britain abstained at United Nations over Bangladesh issues

Pakistan withdrew from the Commonwealth in 1971

Pakistan was suspended from the Commonwealth in 1999 due to the military coup. LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation [14]

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