Pakistan Studies Paper 2

A For how many months does Karachi experience less than 10 mm rainfall? B Estimate the total rainfall in Karachi for the period July to September. [2]

A 7 (may simply list the 7 months) B 173 mm Tolerance 171–175 mm

Describe briefly the climatic region in which Karachi is located. [1]

Arid / coastal (maritime) / warm summer, mild winter

What is the main source of rainfall in Karachi? From which direction do the rain- bearing winds come? [2]

Source: [Secondary] monsoon Direction: SW

Describe the effects of tropical cyclones on cities such as Karachi. [4]

Widespread / great / huge / much / many / a lot of – damage [Flash] floods / blocked drains / sewers Lives lost / injuries / people missing Damage to / loss of homes / belongings / slums Damage to named transport – e.g. roads, railways, ports, airports so people unable to get to work Damage to named services – e.g. schools / hospitals / clinics Damage to workplaces / industry - e.g. the fishing industry destroyed so no source of income or loss of income / disrupts exports Loss to local economy – e.g. through damaged industry / cost of rebuilding / loss of jobs Damage to transmission lines / power stations / lack of power Damage to communication – e.g. lack of telecommunications / telephone lines / internet / social media Shortage / contamination – drinking water / food causing disease to spread

Study Photographs A and B (Insert) which show parts of the lower Indus valley. Using the photographs and your own knowledge, explain the advantages for agriculture in areas like this. [4]

Near to river / lake / water source (for ease of irrigation / plentiful water for sugar cane or cotton) [Active / old] flood plain (allows floods to spread over a large area) River floods regularly / every 1–8 years (e.g. depositing alluvium / providing water and nutrients / which is useful for rice / suitable for Buffalo to wallow idea) Alluvium / fertile soil (to increase crop yields) Wide area / floodplain / space / up to 40 km wide (which provides large area of land for intensive cropping) Flat (e.g. for ease of cultivation / easy to grow crops / easy to use machinery / easy for cattle to graze) (2 + 2) Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark + development mark)

In the key, name the types of forest shown on the map. [2]

(Top to bottom) Mangrove, Riverain / Bela, Irrigated, Coniferous / Alpine (Mark as one or two correct 1 mark;

three or four correct 2 marks)

For one of the forest types you have named in (i):

Description: 2 Marks Uses / Purpose: 2 Marks General points: max 1 Mark MANGROVE

Read the following two views about the possibilities for tourism in Sindh province: A B Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places or examples you have studied. [6]

L3 5–6 marks 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate place or example 5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view L2 3–4 marks 4 – Developed point(s) explaining both views. No evaluation 3 – Developed point(s) explaining one view L1 1–2 marks 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views 1 – Simple point(s) addressing one view 0 – No valid response Indicative content (development of points or examples in parentheses) For tourism Sindh has many tourist attractions Beaches (Clifton Beach / Sand spit / Hawkes Bay / Paradise Point) Historical buildings (Quaid-i-Azam Mausoleum / National Museum / Mohatta Palace) Tourism industry undeveloped / has scope for development / investment Creates employment (such as drivers / guides / hotel staff) Hotels and tourist resorts need to be developed along the Sindh coast to bring foreign exchange and boost the economy. The coastal area of Sindh cannot support large numbers of tourists. There could be negative effects from tourism. Against tourism Sensitive environment (threats to mangrove forests / fishing grounds) Tourists bring culturally unacceptable behaviour / dress code Tourists can pollute the environment with noise / litter / oil from jet skis, etc. (which disturbs local residents / looks unsightly / is a danger to wildlife) Indus delta / most of Sindh coast unsuitable for development (swamps / marshes / creeks / forests) Karachi needs tourist industry infrastructure (e.g. no passenger ferry terminal) Declining / lack of tourist numbers Employment only seasonal Loss of livelihood due to construction of resorts (e.g. fishermen)

For any two locations, state the name of the mineral extracted and a use for this mineral. Write your answers in the spaces provided on Fig. 3. [4]

You should choose from the following list: gypsum limestone rocksalt Location NW – rocksalt / limestone / gypsum Central – limestone / gypsum S – limestone Mark any two correct Uses Rocksalt: cooking / preservation / soda (used in laundries / textiles / tanning) flavouring food Gypsum: paints / fertilisers / boards / cement / to treat saline soil / plaster of paris Limestone: for building / cement / bleach / glass / soap / paints / to treat saline soil / bleaching powder / paper

Using Fig. 3 and your own knowledge, suggest difficulties there may be in getting minerals to export markets. [3]

Heavy / bulky commodities Expensive to transport Roads and railways from mining areas poorly developed / or not connected Mostly extracted far inland / away from ports / Karachi / distance from markets / takes a long time / remoteness Mountainous / rugged terrain Theft Inappropriate / inadequate vehicles to transport minerals

Name the type of livestock shown in this photograph. [1]

Goat (only)

Why is this type of livestock valuable to the farmer? [3]

Goatskin / leather products Meat / food Dairy products e.g. milk, yoghurt, cheese, Can survive in rugged areas / sparse grazing / costs little or nothing to feed / do not need much looking after / move goats around easily Dung as manure / fuel Source of income Wool

What environmental problems can be caused by keeping this type of livestock? [2]

Overgrazing / too many livestock animals in too small an area / livestock not moved to different pastures / land becomes more marginal Soil erosion / desertification / land becoming barren Damage to young trees / deforestation

Name two of Pakistan’s main exports. [2]

Linen / textiles / clothing / men’s suits / bed linen Raw cotton / cotton yarn / cotton products Carpets / tents /rugs Rice Refined petroleum / oil Cement Leather / leather products / named leather product e.g. shoes Sports goods Surgical instruments Chemicals

Read the following article: Pakistan produces many goods that could be exported in greater quantities. For a variety of reasons the amount of exports remains low: in 2013 the value of exports was only 13% of GDP. Explain why it is difficult for Pakistan to sell more of its goods to other countries. [4]

Challenging to compete with foreign / larger companies / producers (accept an example, e.g. Egypt – textiles) Quality of items (lack of access to / high cost of raw materials / machinery) Child labour causes barriers to trade (e.g. EU) Limited management expertise in the export industry Other countries have trade barriers / tariffs / quotas / restrictions (to protect their own industries / markets) Relations with some other countries restricts trade Pakistan government may have trade barriers with other countries (e.g. China – on cheap imported goods) Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark + development mark)

Chemical fertilisers to help increase agricultural production are one of Pakistan’s main imports. These imports are expensive. Read the following two views: A B Pakistan should manufacture more of its own chemical fertilisers to reduce the need for importing them. Pakistan should rely less on chemical fertilisers and reduce the need for importing them by using natural alternatives. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and explain why it is important to reduce imports of chemical fertilisers. [6]

L3 5–6 marks 6 – Developed points addressing both views and the importance of reducing imports of chemical fertilisers. Evaluation gives clear support to one view 5 – Developed points addressing both views and the importance of reducing imports of chemical fertilisers. No evaluation L2 3–4 marks 4 – Two developed point(s) addressing any view 3 – Developed point addressing any view L1 1–2 marks 2 – Two simple point(s) addressing any view 1 – Simple point addressing one view 0 – No valid response Indicative content (development of points in parentheses) Chemical fertilisers Modern factories (e.g. Enven-Engro in Daharki, Sindh) are energy efficient / environmentally compliant Cow dung is in insufficient amounts / used as a fuel in rural areas Pakistan has large supplies of natural gas (the main raw material for fertiliser) (at Sui) Natural alternatives Fertiliser factories use large amounts of fuel (especially natural gas) Ample source of manure from large livestock sector Ample source of compost from agricultural waste Alternative methods of improving soil quality are possible (crop rotation / nitrogen-fixing plants / beans / legumes / avoiding overcropping / multi-cropping) Importance The cost of imports (trade / balance of payments deficit / imports>exports) (fertilisers one of top 5 imports / 2% imports) Chemical fertilisers cause water pollution (agricultural runoff containing chemicals goes into streams / rivers / causes eutrophication)

Choose two terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in any two of the spaces provided. adit cage shaft open-cast seam tunnel [2]

Any two of (left to right): cage, tunnel, shaft, seam, shaft, (type of mine)

Suggest two reasons for using this type of mine and one disadvantage of using it. [3]

Reasons – 2 marks To access seams deep below surface To access seams of different depths Can exploit further along the seams Where seam does not appear at / near surface / hillside Disadvantage – 1 mark More expensive Greater risk of accident / flooding / gas build-up – credit all reasonable ways that accidents can happen Dependent on [power for] lift to the surface

What type of coal is imported by Pakistan and how is it used? [2]

Type: Anthracite / bituminous – 1 mark Use: Steel industry / heavy engineering / smelting – 1 mark

Explain what the fuel CNG is and state the main reasons for using this fuel. [4]

Definition – Reserve 1 mark Compressed natural gas Gas compressed to 1% volume it has at normal pressure Methane under high pressure Reasons – Reserve 1 mark Used (instead of petrol / diesel) in transport / vehicles Especially buses / rickshaws (Compared to petrol / diesel) cheaper, cleaner / reduces air pollution, safer Can be stored / transported in cylinders

What is meant by the term ‘non-renewable fuel’? [2]

An energy source that depletes / runs out / is not being replaced / has fixed reserves / is finite – 1 mark With any one example e.g. fossil fuels, wood, coal, oil – 1 mark

Which fuel use has increased by the largest amount between 2006 and 2011? [1]

Oil

Use information from the graph to describe one main difference between the change in gas used for electricity production and the change in oil used for electricity production. [2]

Gas overall decrease: oil overall (throughout / 2006–2011 / over the years) increase Gas from 36 to 27–28 TWh / by 8–9 TWh: oil from 27–28 to 33–34 TWh / by 6–7 TWh Reserve 1 mark for use of data with unit (TWh)

Explain why so little coal is used for electricity production in Pakistan. [3]

Coal mined in Pakistan is unsuitable Lignite, sub-bituminous to peat Contains impurities / sulfur Low heat producing, low carbon content, large amount of ash, does not give out much energy Coal reserves not exploited due to shortage of funds / technical skills Not imported (because expensive) Difficult / expensive to transport around country because bulky International agreements / pressure to use less coal since is a dirty fuel / causes high emissions of smoke / CO2

Read the following article: Energy crisis Industrial growth in Pakistan relies on the availability of energy. Pakistan does not produce enough energy for its needs and therefore spends a lot of its earnings on expensive imports of fuels. Describe briefly different measures that can be taken to solve the country’s energy crisis. To what extent can these measures be successful? [6]

L3 5–6 marks 6 – Developed points addressing measures taken and the extent of their success with evaluation 5 – Developed points addressing measures taken and the extent of their success L2 3–4 marks 4 – Two developed point(s) addressing any measure 3 – Developed point addressing any measure L1 1–2 marks 2 – Two simple point(s) addressing any measure 1 – Simple point addressing any measure 0 – No valid response Indicative content (development of points in parentheses) Measures Moving away from non-renewable / large-scale schemes to renewable / small-scale schemes E.g. wind, solar, biogas (details / examples) Investment in large-scale power stations E.g. nuclear, wind, solar, HEP, gas, coal gas (details / examples) Energy saving in workplaces / homes Public / media awareness about not wasting energy resources Evaluation (depends on measures) Successful Small-scale schemes can be maintained locally / in rural areas Given sufficient government / private / foreign investment Wind – large empty areas of uplands / Makran coast Solar – lack of cloud (250–300 sunny days per year) Biogas – large agricultural sector producing manure / plant waste Unsuccessful Opposition to new technology / power stations High cost (leading to domestic / foreign debt) Changes of government priorities (large projects may be delayed / cancelled) Limited skills / expertise (in using advanced technology) Other issues considered higher priority than saving energy (e.g. escaping poverty / increasing levels of education / health) Hydro in north – far from the major centres of population, transport costs Green energy is less reliable

Describe two human inputs used in the cultivation of cotton. [4]

Labour (people) – picking / ploughing / sowing, etc. / mainly women / paid at low rate Machinery / appropriate example of machinery (e.g. tractors) – picking / quick process Pesticides / insecticides – prevent disease and damage to the crop Fertilisers – larger size of cotton boll / for high yields Irrigation – 1 month and 3 months after sowing / when rainfall is lacking HYVs – Nayyab / 78 / B-557 / 149-F / resistance to leaf-curl virus / humidity tolerant / less sensitive to temperature Capital / investment / finance – purchase machinery, seeds, fertiliser, pay labour Government loans / subsidies – purchase of machinery, seeds, fertiliser Knowledge – shape of the land, soil type, aspect, weather patterns Traditions – farming methods handed down over generations Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark for a named input + mark for detail)

Study Fig. 6 which is a graph showing the production of raw cotton in Pakistan over the period 1982–2014. A Describe the main changes in the production of raw cotton between 1982 and 2014. [3]

Overall increase Overall fluctuation Significant rises: 82/83 to 91/92 / 94 to 04 Significant falls: 91/92 to 94/95 / 04 to 07/10 Maximum of 1 mark for use of data B Suggest three reasons for the production levels seen in the years 1991, 2004 or 2011. [3]

Ample / plenty of / no shortage of rainfall / irrigation No / little rain at harvest, no flooding No / little frost / mild night temperatures No / few insect attacks / diseases Greater use of fertilisers, HYVs Greater use of insecticides and pesticides Government incentives / policies e.g. need to produce more food, increased availability of loans

Describe different ways in which governments can support farmers. [4]

Providing / maintaining large irrigation schemes / dams / canals Providing solutions for waterlogging and salinity, (such as SCARP, tubewell linings, etc.) Developing HYV seeds (on government farms / collaboration with MNCs) Plant protection programme / aerial spraying / advising on pesticides and treatment methods Offering loans (for machinery / tubewells / fertilisers / pesticides / seeds / labour costs) Veterinary care Livestock research (on government farms) Redress after flood / natural disaster Land reform Educating / training farmers (on use of HYVs / modern farming methods / sustainable methods / organic farming) Further development / increased production of fertiliser industries Providing weather forecasts

Describe the relationship between agricultural labour force and cropped area. [2]

As labour force decreases, area increases / negative correlation / inverse relationship - 1 mark Use any four statistics to illustrate above statement, e.g. ‘Labour was 66% whereas area was 13 ha then later when labour was 45% the area was 23 ha’ - 1 mark

Suggest reasons for the change over the period 1950–2010 for either labour force or cropped area, as shown in Fig. 7. [3]

Labour force Mechanisation of farms Rural to urban migration Alternative work / occupations / factory work / informal sector work in urban areas Higher paid work in urban area Education and learning more / wider skills Cropped area mark force and cropped area. –2011.rs.gs on expensive imports of fuels. Reclamation of desert More areas irrigated Deforestation Soil improved by fertilisers Greater demand for food crops / commercial crops

Read the following two views: A B Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. [6]

L3 5–6 marks 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate example 5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view Pakistan should plant more cash crops on its land to generate export earnings. More land should be used to grow crops to feed the growing population of Pakistan. L2 3–4 marks 4 – Developed point(s) explaining both views. No evaluation 3 – Developed point(s) explaining one view L1 1–2 marks 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views 1 – Simple point(s) addressing one view 0 – No valid response Indicative content (development of points in parentheses) Cash crops For Income (balance of payments / trade deficit / debt / imports greater than exports) Can bring high profits Benefits from government incentives (e.g. support prices / development of new seeds) Access to loans for modern / expensive inputs (e.g. fertilisers / pesticides / machinery / HYVs) Examples: wheat, rice, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, oilseeds Economies of scale on large holdings / single crops Against Many farmers cannot afford cost of modern agricultural methods in cash crop farming Cash crops are monocultures (vulnerable to disease / uses chemical inputs such as fertilisers / pesticides which can pollute water) Food crops For Population growing rapidly (1.6% per annum) Increasing demand for food Fertile land becoming scarce (due to waterlogging and salinity / desertification / soil erosion / over cultivation) Saves expensive imports of food / reduces import bill Can be grown on subsistence farms / at low cost (using traditional methods / implements / family labour / small holdings) Examples: rice, millet / bajra, sorghum / jowar, maize, fruit, vegetables Against Farmers growing only food crops / subsistence farmers do not make enough income / profit to invest in improving their farms for more output Development may progress at a slow rate if subsistence farming increases – people will be occupied in providing food and not working in other sectors Not all families may have access to fertile land May not have the skills to grow own food If adverse weather conditions affect many farms – could result in famine – if Pakistan imports food the population can still be fed

Study Fig. 8 which is a bar graph giving information about infrastructure spending in Pakistan for 2014–15. A What is meant by the term ‘infrastructure’? [2]

Definition: the basic facilities / services / installations / utilities e.g. electricity, water needed for the functioning / operation of a community / society / enterprise / country / area - 1 mark Example: Roads / rail / ports / airports / electricity / gas /power supplies / sewerage / water / telecommunication / phone lines / internet provision – 1 mark B Using information from Fig. 8 only, describe problems for infrastructure spending in 2014–15. [3]

Projects cost much more than funds / money available Total projects Rs7700 ±100 bn, funds available Rs700 ±100 bn – lack of funds overall Source of funds available – government Rs400 ±100 bn, private Rs150 ±50 bn, foreign assistance Rs 150± 50 bn – government has to rely heavily on private / foreign assistance Large amount / number of ongoing / new projects Not all projects can be funded successfully – ongoing projects Rs 4200 ± 100 bn / new projects e.g. new Wapda Rs1500 ± 100 bn, new K-L motorway Rs800 ± 100 bn, new other Rs1200 ±100 bn, new total RS3500 ± 100 bn Wapda more expensive than money available / Wapda Rs1500 ± 100 bn, funds available Rs 700 ± 100 bn Money available would only pay for Karachi-Lahore motorway / funds available Rs 700 ± 100 bn, K-L motorway Rs 700 ± 100 bn Maximum of 1 mark for use of data with Rs bn units. Tolerance ± 100 Rs bn

Spending on infrastructure projects is lower in some years than others. Suggest reasons why this might be. [3]

Size of debt / trade / balance of payments deficit Limited financial resources / lack of funds available / limited amount of money collected through taxes Narrow export base leads to instability in export earnings Investment is sometimes difficult Spending cuts to balance budget No agreements with foreign capital / banks Change of government / policies Other national priorities / more pressing priorities than development projects Funds for natural disaster relief No large projects in those years / projects may have been completed / maintenance of existing projects prioritised Less financial aid

State two pull factors for the movement of population described in the article. [2]

Higher paid jobs / better working conditions / more opportunity / variety of work Better / higher education / colleges More reliable sources of food Expectation of better quality of life Greater access to healthcare / hospitals / more hospitals / doctors Better healthcare / improved medicines / vaccinations Constant supply / availability of water / electricity / gas / telephone More entertainment Better / more housing Better road / rail / bus links Better law and order

Describe the effects on urban areas of the movement of large numbers of people into them. [4]

Greater workforce Increased competition for jobs / more unemployment Greater variety of skills Larger local market Overcrowding / shortage of housing / shanty development Overpopulation / densely populated Shortage of food / lack of food Strain / pressure on named services e.g. need more schools Strain on named utilities e.g. water, power Crime increases / increase in violence Growth in informal sector Urban sprawl / unplanned urban growth Traffic congestion / jams Increase in social and psychological problems Air / water / land / noise pollution / dumping untreated waste / damage to aquatic life Increased incidence of named health hazard – dysentery, cholera / disease spreads more quickly

Name a fishing port on the Sindh coast. [1]

Karachi / Korangi

Describe activities that are involved in the secondary sector of the fishing industry. [4]

Gutting / washing / cleaning (initial preparation of fish for other processes / ensure hygiene) Freezing (preserve (freshness) / for export) Canning (preserve / for export) Converting to fishmeal (for domestic poultry feed) Salting (so that the fish is preserved) Curing (dehydrates the fish so it can last longer / preserve) Smoking (preserves the fish and gives it a unique taste) Storage (of fish in refrigerators allows maximum storage time) / refrigerating (keeps the fish in its original state for eating) Packaging (preparing for transport / preparation for sale / protects the fish from contamination / prevents spoilage) Boat making / making nets / repairing boats / repairing nets (preparing for the process of catching fish) Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark + development mark)

To what extent is it possible to develop the fish processing industry further in Pakistan? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places or examples you have studied. [6]

L3 5–6 marks 6 – Developed points explaining both views (possible and not possible). Evaluation gives clear support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate place or example 5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view L2 3–4 marks 4 – Developed point(s) explaining both views. No evaluation 3 – Developed point(s) explaining one view L1 1–2 marks 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views 1 – Simple point(s) addressing one view 0 – No valid response Indicative content (development of points or examples in parentheses) Possible Long undeveloped coastline (1050 km / Makran Coast 750 km) Gwadar being developed as a new port / fish harbour with modern facilities / EPZ (providing base for linkage to central Asian states) Potential at Pasni / Jiwani / Sur Bandar / Ormara (allowing more fish to be refrigerated / preserved for transport to Karachi) Government support (provides essential facilities for a fishing port to allow sustainability) Compliance with EU / international quality standards (to remove import bans / embargoes) Increase local ice factories / refrigerated storage / packing / canning facilities (to reduce need to transport to Karachi) Training / education (could provide employment of local educated youth) Value added products made for export (make more foreign exchange) Not possible Limited private sector and/or government investment / expensive to expand / contributes little to exports / focus on other industries (meaning technology and skills are not upgraded) Many processing plants under capacity / out of operation (showing that the future development is uncertain) Few skilled workers Coastline remote / poor transport links (e.g. no railway / small airports / delayed new road links) Canning factories have been unhygienic and a cause for import bans (to EU / Saudi Arabia) Unreliable export market (about 30% worldwide) Low profits (6% of foreign exchange) Foreign competition Urban centres prefer fresh fish (so processed fish only to a few large department stores) Per capita consumption is low (1.6 kg p.a.)