Pakistan Studies · Oct / Nov 2016 · Paper 2 · Question 1

A For how many months does Karachi experience less than 10 mm rainfall? B Estimate the total rainfall in Karachi for the period July to September. [2]

A 7 (may simply list the 7 months) B 173 mm Tolerance 171–175 mm

Describe briefly the climatic region in which Karachi is located. [1]

Arid / coastal (maritime) / warm summer, mild winter

What is the main source of rainfall in Karachi? From which direction do the rain- bearing winds come? [2]

Source: [Secondary] monsoon Direction: SW

Describe the effects of tropical cyclones on cities such as Karachi. [4]

Widespread / great / huge / much / many / a lot of – damage [Flash] floods / blocked drains / sewers Lives lost / injuries / people missing Damage to / loss of homes / belongings / slums Damage to named transport – e.g. roads, railways, ports, airports so people unable to get to work Damage to named services – e.g. schools / hospitals / clinics Damage to workplaces / industry - e.g. the fishing industry destroyed so no source of income or loss of income / disrupts exports Loss to local economy – e.g. through damaged industry / cost of rebuilding / loss of jobs Damage to transmission lines / power stations / lack of power Damage to communication – e.g. lack of telecommunications / telephone lines / internet / social media Shortage / contamination – drinking water / food causing disease to spread

Study Photographs A and B (Insert) which show parts of the lower Indus valley. Using the photographs and your own knowledge, explain the advantages for agriculture in areas like this. [4]

Near to river / lake / water source (for ease of irrigation / plentiful water for sugar cane or cotton) [Active / old] flood plain (allows floods to spread over a large area) River floods regularly / every 1–8 years (e.g. depositing alluvium / providing water and nutrients / which is useful for rice / suitable for Buffalo to wallow idea) Alluvium / fertile soil (to increase crop yields) Wide area / floodplain / space / up to 40 km wide (which provides large area of land for intensive cropping) Flat (e.g. for ease of cultivation / easy to grow crops / easy to use machinery / easy for cattle to graze) (2 + 2) Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark + development mark)

In the key, name the types of forest shown on the map. [2]

(Top to bottom) Mangrove, Riverain / Bela, Irrigated, Coniferous / Alpine (Mark as one or two correct 1 mark;

three or four correct 2 marks)

For one of the forest types you have named in (i):

Description: 2 Marks Uses / Purpose: 2 Marks General points: max 1 Mark MANGROVE

Read the following two views about the possibilities for tourism in Sindh province: A B Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places or examples you have studied. [6]

L3 5–6 marks 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate place or example 5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view L2 3–4 marks 4 – Developed point(s) explaining both views. No evaluation 3 – Developed point(s) explaining one view L1 1–2 marks 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views 1 – Simple point(s) addressing one view 0 – No valid response Indicative content (development of points or examples in parentheses) For tourism Sindh has many tourist attractions Beaches (Clifton Beach / Sand spit / Hawkes Bay / Paradise Point) Historical buildings (Quaid-i-Azam Mausoleum / National Museum / Mohatta Palace) Tourism industry undeveloped / has scope for development / investment Creates employment (such as drivers / guides / hotel staff) Hotels and tourist resorts need to be developed along the Sindh coast to bring foreign exchange and boost the economy. The coastal area of Sindh cannot support large numbers of tourists. There could be negative effects from tourism. Against tourism Sensitive environment (threats to mangrove forests / fishing grounds) Tourists bring culturally unacceptable behaviour / dress code Tourists can pollute the environment with noise / litter / oil from jet skis, etc. (which disturbs local residents / looks unsightly / is a danger to wildlife) Indus delta / most of Sindh coast unsuitable for development (swamps / marshes / creeks / forests) Karachi needs tourist industry infrastructure (e.g. no passenger ferry terminal) Declining / lack of tourist numbers Employment only seasonal Loss of livelihood due to construction of resorts (e.g. fishermen)