Pakistan Studies · Oct / Nov 2016 · Paper 2 · Question 5

Study Fig. 8 which is a bar graph giving information about infrastructure spending in Pakistan for 2014–15. A What is meant by the term ‘infrastructure’? [2]

Definition: the basic facilities / services / installations / utilities e.g. electricity, water needed for the functioning / operation of a community / society / enterprise / country / area - 1 mark Example: Roads / rail / ports / airports / electricity / gas /power supplies / sewerage / water / telecommunication / phone lines / internet provision – 1 mark B Using information from Fig. 8 only, describe problems for infrastructure spending in 2014–15. [3]

Projects cost much more than funds / money available Total projects Rs7700 ±100 bn, funds available Rs700 ±100 bn – lack of funds overall Source of funds available – government Rs400 ±100 bn, private Rs150 ±50 bn, foreign assistance Rs 150± 50 bn – government has to rely heavily on private / foreign assistance Large amount / number of ongoing / new projects Not all projects can be funded successfully – ongoing projects Rs 4200 ± 100 bn / new projects e.g. new Wapda Rs1500 ± 100 bn, new K-L motorway Rs800 ± 100 bn, new other Rs1200 ±100 bn, new total RS3500 ± 100 bn Wapda more expensive than money available / Wapda Rs1500 ± 100 bn, funds available Rs 700 ± 100 bn Money available would only pay for Karachi-Lahore motorway / funds available Rs 700 ± 100 bn, K-L motorway Rs 700 ± 100 bn Maximum of 1 mark for use of data with Rs bn units. Tolerance ± 100 Rs bn

Spending on infrastructure projects is lower in some years than others. Suggest reasons why this might be. [3]

Size of debt / trade / balance of payments deficit Limited financial resources / lack of funds available / limited amount of money collected through taxes Narrow export base leads to instability in export earnings Investment is sometimes difficult Spending cuts to balance budget No agreements with foreign capital / banks Change of government / policies Other national priorities / more pressing priorities than development projects Funds for natural disaster relief No large projects in those years / projects may have been completed / maintenance of existing projects prioritised Less financial aid

State two pull factors for the movement of population described in the article. [2]

Higher paid jobs / better working conditions / more opportunity / variety of work Better / higher education / colleges More reliable sources of food Expectation of better quality of life Greater access to healthcare / hospitals / more hospitals / doctors Better healthcare / improved medicines / vaccinations Constant supply / availability of water / electricity / gas / telephone More entertainment Better / more housing Better road / rail / bus links Better law and order

Describe the effects on urban areas of the movement of large numbers of people into them. [4]

Greater workforce Increased competition for jobs / more unemployment Greater variety of skills Larger local market Overcrowding / shortage of housing / shanty development Overpopulation / densely populated Shortage of food / lack of food Strain / pressure on named services e.g. need more schools Strain on named utilities e.g. water, power Crime increases / increase in violence Growth in informal sector Urban sprawl / unplanned urban growth Traffic congestion / jams Increase in social and psychological problems Air / water / land / noise pollution / dumping untreated waste / damage to aquatic life Increased incidence of named health hazard – dysentery, cholera / disease spreads more quickly

Name a fishing port on the Sindh coast. [1]

Karachi / Korangi

Describe activities that are involved in the secondary sector of the fishing industry. [4]

Gutting / washing / cleaning (initial preparation of fish for other processes / ensure hygiene) Freezing (preserve (freshness) / for export) Canning (preserve / for export) Converting to fishmeal (for domestic poultry feed) Salting (so that the fish is preserved) Curing (dehydrates the fish so it can last longer / preserve) Smoking (preserves the fish and gives it a unique taste) Storage (of fish in refrigerators allows maximum storage time) / refrigerating (keeps the fish in its original state for eating) Packaging (preparing for transport / preparation for sale / protects the fish from contamination / prevents spoilage) Boat making / making nets / repairing boats / repairing nets (preparing for the process of catching fish) Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark + development mark)

To what extent is it possible to develop the fish processing industry further in Pakistan? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places or examples you have studied. [6]

L3 5–6 marks 6 – Developed points explaining both views (possible and not possible). Evaluation gives clear support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate place or example 5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view L2 3–4 marks 4 – Developed point(s) explaining both views. No evaluation 3 – Developed point(s) explaining one view L1 1–2 marks 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views 1 – Simple point(s) addressing one view 0 – No valid response Indicative content (development of points or examples in parentheses) Possible Long undeveloped coastline (1050 km / Makran Coast 750 km) Gwadar being developed as a new port / fish harbour with modern facilities / EPZ (providing base for linkage to central Asian states) Potential at Pasni / Jiwani / Sur Bandar / Ormara (allowing more fish to be refrigerated / preserved for transport to Karachi) Government support (provides essential facilities for a fishing port to allow sustainability) Compliance with EU / international quality standards (to remove import bans / embargoes) Increase local ice factories / refrigerated storage / packing / canning facilities (to reduce need to transport to Karachi) Training / education (could provide employment of local educated youth) Value added products made for export (make more foreign exchange) Not possible Limited private sector and/or government investment / expensive to expand / contributes little to exports / focus on other industries (meaning technology and skills are not upgraded) Many processing plants under capacity / out of operation (showing that the future development is uncertain) Few skilled workers Coastline remote / poor transport links (e.g. no railway / small airports / delayed new road links) Canning factories have been unhygienic and a cause for import bans (to EU / Saudi Arabia) Unreliable export market (about 30% worldwide) Low profits (6% of foreign exchange) Foreign competition Urban centres prefer fresh fish (so processed fish only to a few large department stores) Per capita consumption is low (1.6 kg p.a.)