Pakistan Studies · May / June 2016 · Paper 2 · Question 4

Study Fig. 7 which is a diagram of an HEP (Hydel) power station. A: On the diagram place an arrow or arrows to indicate the direction of movement of water through the power station. B: Choose two terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in two of the spaces provided. [3]

A: Arrow(s) drawn downwards through channel B: From L to R: reservoir dam turbine outflow NB: ‘water intake’ top left space not used

Name one multi-purpose dam in Pakistan. [1]

Tarbela/Mangla/Warsak

Give two uses for a dam such as the one you named in (ii). [2]

HEP/electricity [generation] Irrigation Water supply / stores water [for industrial/domestic use] Controlling floods Recreation/named recreational use/tourist attraction Fishing

Study Photograph A (Insert). Identify the type of forest vegetation shown in the photograph. [1]

Subtropical dry / subtropical scrub / dry thorn scrub /subtropical thorn

Study Fig. 8 which gives information about different types of forested area in Pakistan. Describe one main change in forested area over the period shown. [1]

Overall decreased Natural forest decreased Plantations increased Other woodland increased

State the main difference between natural forest and plantations. [1]

Natural forests are not planted by man: plantations are planted by man/man-made Natural forests have greater variety of species/greater biodiversity

In 2014 about 4.2% of the land area of Pakistan was covered in forest. Explain why more forests need to be planted in the Indus Plain. [5]

Pakistan has one of the lowest proportions of its total area under forest in the world To meet a target for % total area covered in forest (20–25%) To replace trees cut down / to meet the needs of future generations from forests For firewood (thereby conserving natural forest) For commercial use/timber/wood-based industries (using timber as a raw material e.g. furniture making) /fruit trees/medicines To prevent siltation in rivers/canals, to decrease surface runoff, to prevent soil erosion/landslides (preserves top layer of fertile soil for agriculture) /landslides, to increase rainfall To create habitat (to conserve animals / wildlife) / to create scenic beauty (to boost tourism)/to create shade/cooler temperatures To purify air/produce O2 / to absorb CO2 (which will help prevent global warming) To prevent / control flooding

Name two fishing ports on the Makran Coast. [2]

Any two of Jiwani, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, Sonmiani

Describe the methods used in commercial marine fishing. [3]

Trawl / gill nets Mechanised boats / trawlers / gill-netters Satellite navigation/use of radio for weather conditions/sonar/’fish finders’ Storage/refrigeration facilities on boat Up to 60km from the coast Remain at sea 5–15 days/’weeks’ Throughout the year/10 months or more per year

To what extent is it possible for marine fishing to be developed sustainably in Pakistan? Give reasons to support your answer. [6]

L3 5–6 marks 6 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (possible AND not possible) with evaluation 5 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (possible AND not possible) L2 3–4 marks 4 – Two developed statements about either aspect (possible AND/OR not possible). No evaluation 3 – One developed statement about one aspect (possible OR Not possible) L1 1–2 marks 2 – Two simple statements about either aspect (possible AND/OR Not possible) 1 – One simple statement about one aspect (possible OR not possible) 0 – No valid response Indicative content (developed points in parentheses) Possible By avoiding overfishing By having quotas/government licences Secure fishing grounds from foreign fishing boats/fines/policing Limit number of months in year able to fish (to allow breeding) Only catch adult fish (by using nets with larger mesh) Laws to protect of mangrove forests Laws/fines to prevent marine pollution/oil spills Education in sustainable methods Not possible Mangrove forests are being cleared (reducing breeding/feeding areas for fish/shrimps) Sea pollution (oil from ships/industrial/domestic waste from Karachi)(poisoning fish and spreading into food chain) Not enough capital/investment Lack of skills/training in sustainable methods Lack of political interest/will (fishing only makes up about 0.5% of GDP)