Pakistan Studies · May / June 2016 · Paper 2 · Question 3

A State the proportion of primary sector employment in 1973. B By how much has secondary employment increased between 1973 and 2013? [2]

A: 58% Accept 57–59% B: 6% Accept 5–7%

Suggest reasons for the change in tertiary employment shown in Fig. 5. [3]

Improved education/training leading to higher numbers entering e.g. trade/finance/insurance Larger population requiring more health services / education services / government / administration More informal sector services /named informal sector employment e.g. tailors/ cobblers/maids/ drivers/guards New named infrastructure e.g. hotels/airports resulting in more named tertiary jobs Is higher paid / perceived to be higher paid Better working conditions in offices/air conditioning More foreign investment in banking/insurance

What are the causes of unemployment and underemployment in urban areas? [3]

Population increasing rapidly/overpopulation Increasing numbers of rural to urban/internal migrants / refugees Mechanisation replacing workers [in factories / IT/computer use] Lack of education/skills Discrimination/corruption Loadshedding/temporary layoffs Political instability Slow economic growth / weak economy Definition of underemployment: people work less than full time although would prefer to work longer hours/ people who accept jobs that do not utilise their skills.

Suggest two reasons why unemployment is difficult to measure in countries such as Pakistan. [2]

Disguised unemployment/more people employed than are needed Large informal sector / workers not registered Home workers / cottage industries Self-employment Unpaid e.g. domestic helps Workers are mobile / high internal movement of labour/ fluid labour market/ seasonal labour / part-time labour Inaccurate data collection / problems in collecting data e.g. in tribal areas

Study Fig. 6 which shows the distribution in Pakistan of selected cottage industries and the engineering industry. A: Give an example of a cottage industry. [1]

One of: furniture / pottery / woodwork / metalwork / jewellery / hand woven rugs/carpets/shawls / handicrafts / embroidery/sewing / hand-made leather goods/shoes / candles B: Compare the distribution of cottage industries and engineering as shown in Fig 6. [3]

Similar Both in all four provinces / spread throughout provinces Both concentrated in Punjab Both present in Karachi/Hyderabad/Lahore/Gujrat Both have two locations in Sindh/one location in Balochistan/one in KPK / equal in number in S/B/KPK Different Cottage has more locations in Punjab/use of stats to exemplify e.g. cottage 7 locations in Punjab whereas engineering 5 locations Cottage present only in Quetta/Peshawar/Rawalpindi/Chiniot/Multan/DGK/Bahawalpur/S Punjab Engineering present only in Hab/Faisalabad/Gujranwala/Taxila/Risalpur Engineering more clustered / cottage more spread out

For the products of either cottage industry or engineering industry, identify your chosen industry and circle a suitable method of transport. [1]

Cottage industry: accept air/road Engineering: accept ship/road/rail

Suggest one advantage of using this method of transport for your selected industry. [1]

Air – for export / small/light/low volume/high value goods Ship – for export / large/heavy/bulky goods / containers Rail – for large/heavy/bulky goods / containers / long distances Road – extensive/dense network / door-to-door / short distances

Explain what is meant by the term ‘small-scale industry’? [3]

Assets limited /capital limited / capital <Rs 10mn Family workers / small number hired workers / workforce <10 Worked carried out outside the home / in factory / in workshop Example: sports goods/surgical instruments/carpets/electric fans/cutlery/toys/agricultural implements

Read the following two views about possibilities for industrial development in Pakistan. A B Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places or examples you have studied. [6]

L3 5–6 marks 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate place or example 5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view L2 3–4 marks 4 – Developed point(s) explaining or both views. No evaluation 3 – Developed point(s) explaining one view L1 1–2 marks 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views 1 – Simple point(s) addressing one view 0 – No valid response Indicative content (developed points in parentheses) Large scale For Reduces need for expensive imports of finished goods (e.g. vehicles) Export potential Fulfils domestic demand (e.g. galvanised steel in construction) Greater contribution to GDP Encourages private sector to invest (e.g. Pindi Bhattian) New industries would encourage large scale employment Against Expensive to set up (foreign investment/loans/debt) May require expensive imports of raw materials (e.g. coking coal/iron ore for steel industry) Changes of government/political instability (large projects may be delayed/cancelled) Employs relatively fewer people (approx. 20% industrial workforce/very few women) Noise/air/ water pollution Causes deforestation (which destroys habitats)(loss of scenic beauty) Small scale and cottage For Important source of income in rural areas It is better for Pakistan to promote large-scale industries which provide more goods for domestic use and for other industries. It is better for Pakistan to promote small-scale and cottage industries in rural areas. Money is re-invested locally High demand (both domestic and exports / 30% manufacturing exports by value) Employment possibilities (employs approx. 80% industrial workforce) Conducted in homes (women can work) Reduces rural to urban migration Recycles industrial waste (e.g. of cotton/steel industries) Small input requirement/uses local raw materials (e.g. leather/wood)(promotes primary industries)(limited need for imports) Low cost Against Only small (5%) contribution to GDP Limited profit/wholesalers take most of the profit Limited ability to expand High production costs (since no economies of scale) Lack of electricity in rural areas