Pakistan Studies · May / June 2016 · Paper 2 · Question 5

On the map name the following: Line of longitude A;

River B;

City C [3]

A: – 64E B: – Dasht C: – Karachi

Explain the advantages of locating an industrial estate at D. [4]

General Provides employment Industrial linkages Supply of raw materials To make use of government incentives Specific Good road connection Makran Coast Highway Close to airport at Karachi Close to Karachi/Port Qasim for exports / imported raw materials/ trade in semi-finished goods Economic growth/diversification/develops industries in undeveloped area/province/Balochistan Near thermal/nuclear power station/on electricity grid Close to large domestic market in Karachi Large labour force available form Karachi

What are Export Processing Zones (EPZs)? [1]

Areas which have government support/are joint ventures with foreign investors / attract foreign capital for export-orientated manufacturing/assembling industries

Describe the features of an EPZ. [3]

Industrial estates Named e.g. Port Qasim/ Sialkot/ Faisalabad/ Gujranwala/ Risalpur/ Saindak/ Duddar/ Gwadar / Karachi Exemption of duties on imported raw materials/machinery Tax holidays/exemptions/subsidies Export quality control Provision of named infrastructure e.g. telephone/electricity/water/gas/roads Max 1 Provided with security Attracts hi-tech development

How many more people were using the internet in 2012 than in 2007? [1]

29 000 Allow 28 500–29 000

A: Describe one difference between the number of internet users and the number of telephone lines over the period 2007 to 2012. B: Suggest one reason for the change in the number of telephone lines over the same period. [2]

A: Internet use increases: telephone lines decreases Internet use higher than telephone lines B: An increase in mobile/cellular phone use/social media/Skype/WhatsApp/Snapchat/Instagram/ Facebook/Twitter/GooglePlus

What problems might there be in extending Information Technology (IT) throughout Pakistan? [5]

Lack of electricity in remote areas Lack of signal in remote areas / many people live in remote areas Lack of media infrastructure e.g. masts/WiFi/telephone lines/cables IT illiteracy Lack of IT professionals Frequent electrical/technical faults/breakdowns/loadshedding/damage from natural disasters Decreases employment/number of office workers Resistance from older generations/traditional/tribal societies Real or perceived threat of Internet on cultures/belief systems Risk of cyber attack Capital intensive / high initial cost /lack of government finance / high cost of [frequent] replacement Technology has to be imported / expensive imports of technology / negative effect on balance of payments of import of technology Population cannot afford bills/equipment

Read the following two views about reducing the high unemployment rate in Pakistan. A B Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. [6]

Unemployment levels are best reduced by increasing training opportunities in agriculture and other primary sector jobs. Unemployment is more likely to be reduced by providing education in skills for the manufacturing and service industries. L3 5–6 marks 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate example 5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view L2 3–4 marks 4 – Developed point(s) explaining or both views. No evaluation 3 – Developed point(s) explaining one view L1 1–2 marks 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views 1 – Simple point(s) addressing one view 0 – No valid response Indicative content (development of points in parentheses) Primary Industry For Pakistan is an agrarian economy (50–55% export earnings are in textile group) Agriculture already employs large (40–45% of) workforce / already high proportion (20–25%) of GDP Model farms (giving practical demonstrations) Workshops/technical training for repair/maintenance of agricultural machinery Many mineral deposits not explored/potential in mining sector Against Rural unemployment is relatively low (4–5%) (half as high as urban) Mechanisation in agriculture is displacing labour Agricultural land going out of use (due to waterlogging and salinity, overuse, natural disasters, climate change, restrictive practices of landlords, plant diseases, rural-urban migration) Agricultural products are not value-added/low value-added/not profitable Agriculture does not generate much wealth (therefore less likely to attract new workers) Very low proportion of land area under forestry Fishing/mining very undeveloped Manufacturing and Service Industry For Great potential in rural areas for opportunities in cottage industries Urban unemployment is high (where most manufacturing industries/services are located) (8–9%)(twice as high as rural) Tertiary sector already employs large (about 35% of) workforce Higher profit/salary in sectors of economy requiring skills Against Manual work in manufacturing is reducing due to use of computers/automation Increasing competition in global market for manufactured goods/products from Pakistan uncompetitive