Pakistan Studies · May / June 2016 · Paper 2 · Question 2

Suggest one reason why farming is more productive on flat land. Ease of ploughing/sowing/harvesting/cultivation/use of farm machinery Water is retained Easier/possible to irrigate Soil not washed away Terracing not necessary

Many processes are involved in rice cultivation. In the boxes below, place the following processes in the order in which they occur. [2]

2 Sowing 3 Flooding 4 Transplanting 5 Draining

Explain how one of the processes you named in part (ii) is carried out on a small- scale subsistence farm. [3]

Manual labour Family workers/farmer himself Draught animals/bullocks Limited use of machinery / simple tools / shaduf / Persian Wheel / unlined canals Specific factors Max 2 Factors for ploughing/harvesting = 0 Sowing into beds/nurseries Bunds/terraces constructed in main fields Water diverted from rivers/unlined canals Main fields flooded to 30–37cm/ 12–14” Transplanted into prepared/weeded fields When 20–25cm/ 8–10” high Bunds breached [to drain fields] Lowest terrace breached/drained first

Describe the natural factors for producing the highest yields of rice. [3]

High/heavy/ample/abundant/plentiful rainfall / 1270+mm Dry for harvest Warm temperature / 20–35C / no cold season Level/flat land Loam/clay soil / impervious sub-soil / water retentive

State what might be in categories A and B in Fig. 3. [2]

A: Livestock/named livestock B: Services /named service/named employment in service industry

For one sector in Fig. 3 explain how its contribution to GDP could be increased. [2]

Primary Improve irrigation to increase area under crops Develop further modern methods of agriculture e.g. mechanisation/fertilisers/pesticides/HYVs Land reforms/consolidation Government schemes e.g. plant protection programmes / credit/loans to buy farm machinery More agricultural training college to increase skills [Foreign]Investment in livestock facilities/husbandry [Foreign] investment in exploration/extraction of natural resources Afforestation projects Modernisation of fishing fleet Secondary Expand Industrial Estates/Special Industrial Zones Government organisations to promote small scale/cottage industries / loans to small industry owners / technical service/development centres Attract foreign/private investment for business start-ups Promote training courses in business/technology Introduce hi-tech/modern machinery Higher quality control of finished goods Tertiary Improve security to attract tourists Develop telecommunication network More publicity/marketing Government organisations to promote tourism/call centres Improved IT/business skills training Setting up schools / colleges / education/training centres / hospitals

A: Which crop had the lowest yield in KPK on average over the years 2006–10? B: In 2011 what was the difference in maize yield between KPK and Pakistan? [2]

A: Wheat B: 2050 kg/ha / accept 1950–2150 kg/ha

Using Fig. 4 and your own knowledge explain the problems for agriculture in (KPK) province. [4]

KPK yields [always] less than for Pakistan [as a whole]/rest of Pakistan/other provinces Too cold in winter [for growth] / severe weather in winter / frost damage Too hilly/mountainous/terrain too rugged [for large fields] / barren / thin/infertile soils / prone to soil erosion (farm processes less efficient) Terracing needed (high cost and much labour for construction/maintenance) Irrigation difficult/few rivers Remote from large centres of population/markets (making commercial farming difficult) Poor infrastructure for transport of farm goods (kacha roads / passes blocked by landslides) Terrorism/insurgencies Lack of government interest (preventing access to modern techniques in agriculture)

Read the following article: The Lowari Tunnel is due to open in 2017. It is 8.6km long and will give Chitral Valley its only all-weather road to the rest of Pakistan. For some in Chitral Valley this tunnel will be of real benefit but for others it will create problems. To what extent does the Lowari Tunnel benefit or create problems for the local people and economy of Chitral? Give reasons for your answer. [6]

L3 5–6 marks 6 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (benefits AND problems) with evaluation 5 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (benefits AND problems) L2 3–4 marks 4 – Two developed statements about either aspect (benefits AND/OR problems). No evaluation 3 – One developed statement about one aspect (benefits OR problems) L1 1–2 marks 2 – Two simple statements about either aspect (benefits AND/OR problems) 1 – One simple statement about one aspect (benefits OR problems) 0 – No valid response Indicative content (developed points in parentheses) Benefits Chitral valley no longer cut off from the rest of Pakistan for 6 months per year. Access by road in winter when Lowari Pass closed by snow Avoids travelling into Afghanistan and back into Pakistan (the only natural winter route)(this route not available since 2009 due to presence of militants) Shortens duration of journey to Peshawar by half (7 hours instead of 14 hours) Greater access to hospital/university/airports (in Peshawar and Islamabad) Greater access for trade Greater access for tourists/higher income from tourism Allows greater provision of services/food in winter Stimulates industrial development/employment Problem Too many visitors (commercialisation of culture) Young/ males likely to migrate (seasonally to urban areas) Maintenance cost Ease of movement for terrorists / a terrorist target Increase in air pollution from exhaust fumes (which creates breathing difficulties) Opens area to competition in foreign goods Loss of scenic beauty Ongoing debt (increasing local taxation)