Pakistan Studies · May / June 2016 · Paper 2 · Question 1

On the map name the following: Mountain range A;

City B;

River C [3]

A: Himalaya(s) B: Murree C: Jhelum

Explain the causes of high rainfall at city B. [4]

Receives rainfall in all seasons /throughout year Monsoon (from Bay of Bengal) (via N India) Western depressions (from Mediterranean) (from Afghanistan/Iran) Relief rainfall (air rises over mountains and cools/condenses) Thunderstorm / convection / convectional rain/currents (hot air rises [in summer] and cools)

What is meant by the term ‘population density’? [1]

The [average] amount/number of people per unit area/km2/mile2/acre/ha accept: m2 / per square unit

Which province in Pakistan has the highest population density? [1]

Punjab

Explain the physical factors that cause areas such as the province you named in (ii) to have a high population density. [4]

Plains/doabs/flat land for ease of/suitable for building/communication routes/agriculture Alluvial terraces/flood plains producing fertile soil Moderate temperature/climate not too extreme/monsoon rainfall giving tolerable living conditions High annual rainfall leading to higher agricultural yields Rivers/Indus/tributaries/named tributary for water supply [for industry]/irrigation/flooding land/fishing/transport Fertile soils which allow cultivation of crops

What information is displayed in a population pyramid? [2]

Amount/proportion/percentage of population in certain age groups / distribution of various age groups in a population / age structure of the population In 5–year age groups [Compares] male and female [shown separately]

Identify two ways in which Pakistan’s population structure is forecast to change between 2014 and 2040. [2]

Fewer children/young dependents / fewer of specified age in range 0–14 Fewer 15–19 More working population / more of specified age in range 25–59/64 More elderly/old dependents/more of specified age in range 60+/65+ (If no other answer accept) ageing population

Give one possible reason for each change identified in part (ii). [2]

Lower birth rates/parents having fewer children/smaller family size Marrying later / women in education/working/empowered Higher use of/introduction of contraception/family planning Education/awareness about contraception/family planning/healthcare/diet/hygiene Over the period the larger bars move up the pyramid Greater in-migration/more refugees in working age group Longer life expectancy/higher standard of living/lower death rates/lower infant mortality rates Improved healthcare/vaccinations / more/better qualified doctors Improved hygiene/diet/nutrition/food supply

Read the following two views about overpopulation in Pakistan. A B Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places or examples you have studied. [6]

L3 5–6 marks 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate place or example 5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear support to one view L2 3–4 marks 4 – Developed point(s) explaining or both views. No evaluation 3 – Developed point(s) explaining one view L1 1–2 marks 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views 1 – Simple point(s) addressing one view 0 – No valid response The problems caused by overpopulation can only be solved by increasing resources such as food, housing, and essential services. The needs of the people can only be met if population growth can be controlled. Indicative content (developed points in parentheses) Increasing resources For Reclaiming land for agriculture (deserts/waterlogged and saline areas) Green revolution/modern methods in agriculture (increase yields) Government schemes to improve services (electricity/sanitation/house building/improvement/shanty housing redevelopment) Against Pakistan is a developing country with few resources/resources not exploited (government cannot afford/in debt/trade/BoP deficit) Controlling population For Family planning/birth control clinics (free /education about contraceptives) Education for women (likely to marry later/work/have fewer children) Against Natural increase/birth rate still high (policies to reduce them still not working) Factors are present preventing lower birth rate (religious/tribal opposition to family planning/women’s education) Tradition for large families (children as workers/security/status)