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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2025 · Paper 21 · Question 4

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 4(a)(i)[2]

    Identify the international seaports labelled Y and Z on Fig. 4.1. Y = Gwadar

    Z = (Muhammad) (Bin) Qasim / Port Qasim

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 4(a)(ii)[1]

    Using Fig. 4.1 only, state the compass direction from Peshawar to Quetta.

    south-west/SW

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 4(a)(iii)[2]

    Using Fig. 4.1 only, compare the distribution of dry ports with the distribution of airports.

    there are more airports than dry ports/9 airports versus 4 dry ports
    both are scattered/widespread/uneven across the country
    airports exist further north than dry ports
    airports are in all provinces but dry ports are not / both are found in Balochistan/Punjab/Sindh
    Balochistan has the most airports and dry ports
    Sindh has the least airports and dry ports
    dry ports are all close to an airport, but airports can be located far from dry ports

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 4(a)(iv)[3]

    State three factors which can affect the development of airports.

    topography/flat/plain/cheap/vacant/large land
    funding/capital/investment/costs
    government policy/subsidies/loans/tax incentives
    population/workers/expertise
    demand/tourism/disposable income
    electricity supply
    water supply
    road/rail links/transport links
    security/crime

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 4(b)(i)[2]

    Complete Fig. 4.2 using the information in the table.

    Correctly plotted graph:

    2018: 7.2
    2019: 8.3

    line completed

    2 @ 1 mark 1 mark for 2 correct points plotted 1 mark for line joining points

  • 4(b)(ii)[2]

    Complete the statements about the railway network in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from the box and place them in the spaces provided.

    Pakistan has a large rail network linking major cities: a main line runs from north to south, connecting Peshawar in the north and Karachi in the south. Some areas in northern Pakistan have few railway lines. The province with the most dense rail network is Punjab.

    3 correct = 2 marks 1 or 2 correct = 1 mark

  • 4(b)(iii)[2]

    Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of using roads to transport goods in Pakistan.

    advantages:

    motorway network exists/connects cities/industries/other countries
    flexible choice of routes/times of day/night to travel
    a door-to-door service
    can carry multiple goods/use vehicles of different sizes

    disadvantages:

    roads not built everywhere/areas are inaccessible/blocked/unmetalled roads
    toll roads add cost
    cause congestion/traffic/delays
    emissions/causes air pollution/noise pollution

    2 @ 1 mark Define ‘dry port’.

  • 4(c)(i)[1]

    inland port/depot/terminal

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 4(c)(ii)[4]

    Explain one reason why dry ports and one reason why international seaports have been developed in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

    dry ports:

    to increase trade/for import/export of goods; which can help increase GDP/improves balance of payments/increases foreign exchange earnings/reduces cost of importing/exporting
    reduces burden at seaports/completes customs processing; there are very few seaports/increases volume of cargo/goods can be loaded quickly/saves time for import/exporters
    stimulate trade in cities inland; which can reduce uneven

    development/helps develop local industries/ service industries develop nearby/creates jobs/removes need to travel to seaport

    to help government collect revenue; stimulates further economic development/can be spent on service provision
    to make use of existing transport networks; goods can be moved efficiently/reducing costs for industry/increasing import/export capacity international seaports:
    to increase trade/provide access to international shipping routes/for import/export of goods; which can help increase GDP/improves balance of payments/increases foreign exchange earnings/reduce pressure on other seaports
    to access warm/deep waters; maximises economic benefits/all year- round access to the sea/trade
    main roads and railway lines are built; linking ports to

    settlements/industries

    can help to promote tourism/fishing/other industries; can be used for passengers/increase employment/revenue
    container ships carry heavy/bulky/huge amounts of goods; lowers transport costs/can be moved over a long distance
    attracts (foreign) investment/Pakistan has a coastline; land-locked countries use the port services/giving advantages in trade

    Note: 1 mark for simple point for dry ports and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for simple point for international seaports and a further mark for development of this point.

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

    2 @ 2 marks

  • 4(d)[6]

    To what extent can building new airports in Pakistan support its future sustainable development?

    Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

    Levels marking

    No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)

    Simple points referring to any view (2)

    Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

    Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content

    new airports can support future sustainable development:

    international airports will encourage tourism
    will encourage trade of high-value or perishable goods
    travel is fast so people/goods reach destinations quickly
    increase the volume of trade
    creates jobs in construction/within the airport/increase economic sustainability
    encourages investment in the nearby area
    tourism and travel promotes culture of Pakistan/travel around the country to see family and friends more easily

    new airports would be limited in supporting future sustainable

    development/other projects would be more successful:

    air transport has a large environmental impact/carbon footprint/CO2 emissions are high
    planes cause noise pollution for people living nearby
    building new airports takes up land that could be used for farming/other industries/destroys habitats
    Pakistan has recently built new international airports so further might not be needed
    money may be better spent improving road/rail networks and links into neighbouring countries/domestically
    major exports from Pakistan are heavy so air transport is

    expensive/efficient seaports would be better

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