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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2025 · Paper 21 · Question 3

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 3(a)(i)[2]

    Using Fig. 3.1 only identify:

    the city that is located close to a thermal power station in the west of Pakistan: Quetta
    the number of thermal power stations located in Sindh: 6

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 3(a)(ii)[3]

    Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of thermal power stations.

    clustered/widespread/uneven
    in E/SE/S/central Pakistan
    most are in Sindh (and Punjab)Sindh has the highest number of power stations
    more in Sindh than Punjab/Balochistan/KPK/more in Punjab than Balochistan/KPK
    around/near Karachi
    S/SE of Peshawar
    one/isolated power station in west/near/S/SSW of Quetta
    along/near/on/around rivers/Indus
    on/along boundaries between, e.g. Balochistan/Punjab/Sindh
    2/3 are close to international boundaries

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 3(b)(i)[2]

    Complete the labels on Fig. 3.2. Choose the correct words from the box and place them in the spaces provided.

    generator

    boiler

    cooling tower

    turbine

    3 or 4 correct = 2 marks 1 or 2 correct = 1 mark

  • 3(b)(ii)[2]

    Describe how coal is mined in an open cast mine.

    drills are used to create holes in the rock/prepare the area
    the surface rocks are removed/explosives/blasting used
    excavators/machinery/power shovels used to remove

    overburden/rock/debris / to scoop up/dig out coal/mineral

    (coal/mineral) is loaded into / transported by lorries/trucks/railway wagons/trolleys/conveyors

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 3(b)(iii)[3]

    Cost is one factor that can affect the availability of electricity. State three other factors that can affect the availability of electricity in Pakistan.

    topography/rugged terrain/mountains/deserts
    extreme temperatures/heavy rainfall/extreme climate
    flooding/high winds/(thunder)storms/earthquakes/landslides
    supply of, e.g. fossil fuels/coal/oil/gas/water/sunshine
    power stations/network/grid/power lines/pylons
    siltation in reservoirs/dams
    population density/demand/high usage
    industrialisation/industrial estates
    load shedding
    loss of electricity from (long) transmission lines
    workers/labour

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 3(b)(iv)[4]

    Explain why the cost of some non-renewable power sources in Pakistan may increase. You should develop your answer.

    scarcity/running out/limited supply of natural resources available in Pakistan; natural resources have to be imported
    need for higher quality minerals; which have higher value, increasing cost of energy produced
    natural resources have to be imported; causing higher transportation costs
    high(er) costs of imported minerals; due to currency

    depreciation/changes in exchange rates

    decreased production of natural resources in other countries; can affect global trade values (e.g. oil)
    higher costs of mineral extraction; technology/machinery/ skilled labour required
    costs of building/maintaining pylons/powerlines/pipelines; causes higher energy costs for consumers
    increased demand for power/growing population; demand higher than supply/competition increases prices
    political factors; increasing tariffs/taxes on natural resources/influence of international organisations (e.g. IMF/OPEC)

    Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

    2 @ 2 marks Define ‘renewable energy’.

  • 3(c)(i)[1]

    Energy that can be reused/will not run out/is infinite

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 3(c)(ii)[2]

    Describe how electricity can be generated from geothermal resources.

    drill down to find/use areas of underground heat/hot water
    water is pumped down/heated by hot rocks/Earth’s core
    water turns to steam/steam comes to the surface
    spins/turns/rotates/drives turbines/generator creates electricity 2 @ 1 mark

  • 3(d)[6]

    Read the following two views about ways to increase renewable power generation in Pakistan:

    A: Pakistan should focus more on small-scale power generation such as solar panels in villages.

    B: Pakistan should focus more on large-scale power generation projects such as hydel dams.

    Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

    Levels marking

    No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)

    Simple points referring to any view (2)

    Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

    Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content guide

    arguments for focusing on small-scale power generation such as solar panels in villages:

    small scale power generation can support households that don’t have access to the national grid (around 25%)/in more remote areas to improve quality of life/access to education
    potential to generate electricity during load shedding
    relatively inexpensive, NGOs sometimes provide finance to set up such equipment

    arguments against focusing on small-scale power generation such as solar panels in villages:

    would not produce sufficient energy to meet future demand for domestic or industrial use, which could impact GDP
    equipment may still be too expensive for some households
    some power generation methods are not available 24/7
    batteries to store energy are extremely expensive

    arguments for focusing on large-scale power generation such as hydel dams:

    capacity to generate large amounts of energy which reduces reliance on imported fossil fuels, improving balance of trade
    can provide a more consistent supply of energy which is needed for industry/could reduce frequency of loadshedding
    large-scale construction projects can generate employment

    arguments against focusing on large-scale power generation such as hydel dams:

    hydel dams require a lot of land to be flooded for reservoir
    may require international experts to support, which can be expensive overall costs of large-scale projects are very high, which may mean investment in other areas/services is reduced
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