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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2025 · Paper 21 · Question 5

0448

As printed in the paper

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  • 5(a)(i)[2]

    Using Fig. 5.1 only:

    what is the proportion of people employed in urban areas in 1990? 26 or 27(%)
    by how much has the proportion of people employed in rural areas decreased between 1990 and 2020?

    34 or 33(%)

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 5(a)(ii)[2]

    Which of the following statements about employment sectors are correct? Tick two boxes in the table.

    Most workers are in primary and secondary sector jobs

    The tertiary sector employs the highest proportion of workers

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 5(a)(iii)[2]

    Suggest two reasons why the number of workers employed in agriculture in Pakistan is changing.

    mechanisation/machinery (reduces workers needed)
    industrialisation/factories/growth of secondary sector
    growth of services/tertiary sector
    rural to urban migration/move to cities
    low wages/falling income/people seek higher pay
    literacy/education/seek better working conditions
    flooding/waterlogging/salinity/desertification/soil erosion
    increasing costs of seeds/pesticides/chemicals
    land reform/ownership causes number employed to change
    population growth creates higher demand for food/more food production needed
    commercial farms are expanding/need high numbers of workers 2 @ 1 mark

  • 5(b)(i)[3]

    Using Fig. 5.2 only, describe the pattern of rates of unemployment.

    uneven/scattered/patchy/varied
    high(er) unemployment in N/low(er) unemployment in S/SE
    4–6.99 is most widespread/common on the map/along the (Arabian Sea) coast
    Balochistan mostly has medium/2.5–3.99/4–6.99 rates
    Punjab has the highest/9.5+ rates
    Sindh has the lowest/1.0–1.49 rates
    Punjab has the greatest range/variety of unemployment rates
    along river (Indus)/NW/N/NE of Karachi rate is low/lowest/1–1.49/1.5–2.49
    near/around/E/S/W of Multan unemployment is high/highest/7.0–9.49/9.5+
    along international boundaries unemployment rates are low(er)/ 1.5–2.49/2.5–3.99

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 5(b)(ii)[3]

    State three impacts of unemployment that affect people living in urban areas in Pakistan.

    loss of income/financial stability / poverty
    cannot afford/access education/healthcare/food/power/water/internet
    decline in mental health/physical health/quality of life
    homelessness/informal housing/tent cities
    crime/unrest
    growth of informal employment/underemployment
    competition for/decreased job opportunities
    increased outmigration/moving abroad (for employment)

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 5(b)(iii)[4]

    Explain two ways that unemployment and informal employment can affect Pakistan’s gross domestic product (GDP). You should develop your answer.

    increase GDP:

    informal work can increase GDP; manufactured goods are sold as export items
    cottage industries; gain foreign exchange by selling goods to tourists/tourists spend foreign currency
    (unemployed) people move to work abroad; they send

    remittances/money back home (this allows their families to spend more on goods and services)

    decrease GDP:

    fewer people working/earning wages/lower pay/unreliable work/ underemployment; tax revenue decreases/fewer goods/services are produced
    lack of disposable income; unemployed/informal workers typically spend less/low demand for goods and services
    people rely on government support; reduced funds available for government to invest (in other sectors of the economy)
    informal industries/companies/workers aren’t registered with the government; no income is generated for the country/tax revenue decreases/income not included in GDP
    (informal industries) generate less output; there are fewer goods for sale in markets/fewer goods available to export
    some working conditions may not meet international standards; can result in sanctions
    some informal goods do not always meet quality standards; importers may be less likely to buy
    people move to work abroad; their income isn’t included in GDP
    (unemployed) do not learn job skills/lack of skilled workers/ the highest skilled/paid people emigrate/brain drain; foreign investors are less likely to invest

    Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

    2 @ 2 marks

  • 5(c)[3]

    Describe how governing authorities can encourage industrial growth in Pakistan.

    nationalising/setting up new industries/privatisation/policies/bans/laws
    establishing industrial estates/zones/Export Processing Zones (EPZs)/dry ports/Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
    investing in education/training/encouraging research and

    development/recruit experts

    improving transport network/power/water supplies
    improving telecommunications/internet/phone network
    offering loans/grants/incentives/tax holidays/low tariffs/subsidies
    trade agreements/blocs/international partnerships (e.g. CPEC) 3 @ 1 mark

  • 5(d)[6]

    Read the following two views about ways to increase economic development in Pakistan:

    A: The best way to support economic growth is to increase access to telecommunications.

    B: The best way to support economic growth is to increase access to education.

    Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

    Levels marking

    No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)

    Simple points referring to any view (2)

    Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

    Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content

    increasing access to telecommunications is the best way to support economic growth in Pakistan:

    telecoms allow people and businesses to share information and ideas easily/quickly/cheaply across long distances
    mobile phones and internet allow people and businesses to be instantly in touch globally/allow people to work remotely so widen employment opportunities
    mobile phones masts provide signals to large areas
    much economic growth is online via mobile applications (apps)/social media/websites used for marketing and sales
    can provide online education and training in remote areas/can provide access to specialist teachers/students learn ICT skills for future employment
    can encourage more MNCs to locate branches in Pakistan
    telecom industries create many skilled and well-paid tertiary jobs

    increasing access to telecommunications is not the best way to support economic growth in Pakistan:

    telecoms can replace jobs as efficiency makes some roles less necessary
    cities have mobile and internet networks, but enormous demand slows speeds
    load shedding can reduce the efficiency of internet connections as routers/devices require power to operate/ charge batteries
    building the infrastructure is difficult and expensive in remote areas/in difficult topography/in extreme climate regions
    in remote areas, where people would benefit most from telecoms, low population makes investment uneconomical
    online information is not always reliable/local cultures and values may be eroded/can be misused/spread misinformation
    growth in telecoms has also increased the occurrence of

    cybercrime/cyberattacks

    increasing access to education is the best way to support economic growth in Pakistan:

    a skilled workforce attracts investment in an area
    skilled workers earn higher wages and contribute more taxes
    education/training helps improve people’s health and life expectancy, making a more productive workforce
    family planning education leads to lower birth rates and controlled population growth which is economically more sustainable
    educated women can work in more highly paid jobs

    increasing access to education is not the best way to support economic growth in Pakistan:

    a large proportion of the population is of working age, more job opportunities would bring faster growth than education
    there are many underemployed people meaning there may not be enough high skilled jobs available
    education may not increase in some places/where traditional lifestyles are preferred
    population density in some areas is low, making investment in schools/teachers not economically viable
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