Note AcademyNote Academy
Start

Pakistan Studies · May / June 2025 · Paper 21 · Question 2

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 2(a)(i)[2]

    Using Fig 2.1 only:

    identify the highest rainfall: 52 (mm)
    calculate the temperature range: 10.5/11 (°C)

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 2(a)(ii)[2]

    State the season when regions of Pakistan experience rainfall from:

    the south-west monsoon: summer
    the western depressions: winter

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 2(a)(iii)[2]

    Identify the location that is associated with the climatic conditions given. Circle the correct answer for each statement.

    cold winter, mild summer and rainfall in all seasons: northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
    mild winter, warm summer, extreme aridity: central Balochistan 2 @ 1 mark

  • 2(b)(i)[3]

    Using Fig. 2.2 only, describe three characteristics of the landscape shown.

    rocks/rocky/stones/stony
    sand(y)/(sand) dunes
    vast/large (area)
    ridges/ripples
    uneven/hilly/rugged/undulating/rolling/bumpy
    (steep) slopes
    barren/bare ground
    dead/withered vegetation
    dry/arid

    3 @ 1 mark Define ‘drought’.

  • 2(b)(ii)[2]

    a period/a time/a season/months/weeks
    of no/low/scarcity/lack of precipitation/rainfall

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 2(b)(iii)[4]

    Describe how altitude and latitude affect temperature in Pakistan. altitude:

    temperatures are low(er) at high(er) altitudes/high(er) at low(er) altitudes
    the temperature drops by 6.5 degrees for each 1000m increase in altitude
    air is more dense/thicker can absorb more heat/water vapour/dust particles/solar radiation (causing higher temperature) at low altitude/sea level

    or

    air is less dense/thinner can absorb less heat/water vapor/dust particles/solar radiation (causing lower temperature) at high altitude/in mountainous regions

    at low(er) altitude air absorbs more heat from Earth’s surface or

    at high(er) altitude air absorbs less heat from Earth’s surface latitude:

    low(er) latitudes/clos(er) to Equator/Tropic of Cancer have high(er) temperatures

    or

    high(er) latitudes/furth(er) from Equator have low(er) temperatures

    southern Pakistan has higher temperatures than northern

    Pakistan/temperatures decrease further north/increase further south

    low(er) latitudes/close(r) to Equator sun rays at a higher angle/shine directly/more focused on small area (cause higher temperatures) or

    high(er) latitudes/further from Equator sun rays at a lower angle/heating effect is more spread out (cause lower temperatures)

    low(er) latitudes/close(r) to the Equator sunlight is strongest/sun’s rays pass through a smaller depth of atmosphere (causing higher temperatures)

    or

    high(er) latitudes/further from Equator sunlight is weakest/sun’s rays pass through a greater depth of atmosphere (causing lower temperatures)

    4 @ 1 mark

  • 2(c)[4]

    Explain how rain storms can impact agriculture in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

    negative impacts:

    high/heavy rainfall; washes crops away/causes crop failure
    high/strong winds; cause soil erosion/damage crops/uproot plants
    lightning strikes; can start field fires/burn crops
    soil erosion; leads to infertile land
    flooding; causes areas to be cut off/livestock to die/be stranded/topsoil washed away/causes waterlogging and salinity
    still/stagnant water; can lead to pests that spoil crops
    contaminated water supplies; farmers can’t irrigate their remaining crops/give to livestock
    electricity supply disrupted; irrigation systems can’t work
    damaged roads/bridges; can’t travel to market/get supplies
    damaged farm buildings; high cost to repair/nowhere to store equipment/produce/harvest
    destroyed crops/lost livestock; farmers lose income/food shortages positive impacts:
    bring more nutrients to soil; improves yields in future years
    replenishes water supplies; farmers can store this for irrigation
    rain waters crops; increasing output/no need to irrigate

    Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

    2 @ 2 marks In the Swat Valley, winter temperatures can be as low as –10°C and

  • 2(d)[6]

    there is regular snowfall. Evaluate the benefits and challenges of low temperatures, ice and snow for people living in the northern areas of Pakistan.

    Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

    Levels marking

    No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)

    Simple points referring to any view (2)

    Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

    Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content guide

    benefits of low temperatures, ice and snow:

    areas with significant snow/glaciers can have scenic beauty
    areas can become tourist attractions and therefore the potential to generate employment/income/GDP
    development of ski resorts/ice skating/leisure opportunities can attract foreign investment/require investment e.g. roads built that locals can also utilise
    glacial meltwater can provide essential water for irrigation
    glacial meltwater will refill the hydel reservoirs
    cooler summers make living conditions tolerable/remove the need for air conditioning

    challenges of low temperatures, ice and snow:

    roads become blocked by snow and ice/avalanches
    difficulty in growing crops so have to keep livestock such as sheep/goats, practice transhumance
    rivers/pipes freeze causing a limited supply of water for people/crops/leads to frozen soil
    extreme cold winters mean people need to spend more on heating their homes
    cannot work outside, restricted to cottage industry work
    some people have to leave their homes when it gets very cold
Practise this paper →

Make a free account to save your answers and see your weak topics and ask the AI why a wrong answer is wrong.