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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2025 · Paper 21 · Question 1

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 1(a)(i)[2]

    Name the country labelled W and the city labelled X on Fig. 1.1. W: Afghanistan

    X: Hyderabad/Nawabshah

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 1(a)(ii)[1]

    Using Fig 1.1 only, Measure the length of the Sulaiman range. 340 (330–350) (km)

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 1(a)(iii)[3]

    Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the location of the Sulaiman range.

    in central Pakistan
    in Balochistan/KPK/Punjab or on/along boundary between, e.g. Balochistan and KPK/Punjab
    near international boundary
    N/NE of Sindh
    NE of the Arabian sea
    near/E/NE/SE of Quetta
    SW/SSW/S of Peshawar
    distance from Quetta 180–330 km/from Peshawar 250–600 km
    between 28° and 32° N/latitude or 68° and 72° E/longitude or accurate pair within given ranges, e.g. 29° N and 70°E

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 1(a)(iv)[2]

    Suggest why mining may be difficult in mountainous areas.

    uneven terrain/rugged land topography/steep (relief)
    rockfalls/landslides/avalanches/snow and ice
    extreme climate/extreme/very cold/hot temperatures
    difficult to bring/use machinery/build mining infrastructure
    remote location/inaccessible/lack of roads/rail networks
    lack of electricity/water/education/healthcare
    cost of mining operations is high/expensive
    sparsely populated/shortage of workers
    dangerous/difficult working conditions/accidents likely

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 1(b)(i)[1]

    Using Fig. 1.2 only, identify the amount of granite extracted. 4100 (million tonnes)

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 1(b)(ii)[2]

    Describe how mineral extraction is beneficial to Pakistan.

    minerals are valuable
    large contribution to GDP/GNP/can be exported/reduces need for imports/improves the balance of payments/provides foreign exchange/attracts foreign investment
    provides jobs/reduces unemployment/increases tax revenue
    helps the development of remote areas
    provides raw materials for agriculture/industries/manufacturing/to make value added goods
    provides raw materials for construction/building/roads/bridges, etc.
    enables generation of electricity/power

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 1(c)(i)[2]

    Complete Fig.1.3 by using arrows to match the forest type to the altitude where it grows.

    tropical thorn = below 1000m
    alpine = 4000-4500m
    coniferous = 1000-4000m

    3 correct = 2 marks 1 or 2 correct = 1 mark

  • 1(c)(ii)[2]

    State two human activities which are reducing the extent of forests in Pakistan.

    fuelwood/firewood/cooking/heating
    farming/agriculture/over-grazing
    industries/factories/logging/furniture making
    mining
    (building) dams/reservoirs
    (building) settlements/houses/urbanisation
    (building) road/rail/transport network
    forest fires started accidentally

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 1(c)(iii)[4]

    Explain two reasons for afforestation in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

    to create wildlife habitats; to encourage biodiversity/species/ breeding
    to reduce flooding/surface runoff/to soak up water; trees intercept rainfall/reduce siltation/prevent waterlogging
    to protect coast from tidal surges/tsunami: many mangroves/ forests have been damaged/removed
    to prevent soil erosion/desertification/to increase soil fertility; tree roots stabilise soil
    to combat the impacts of climate change/global warming/to provide cleaner air; trees absorb carbon dioxide/ trees produce oxygen/ to reduce Pakistan’s carbon emissions
    to create shade; to reduce (local) temperatures/provide shelter for animals/people from sun
    to increase rainfall; to provide water for irrigation/drinking
    to provide materials for future/use; in construction/furniture/named industry/to sell/generate income/export
    for tourism/increases areas of scenic beauty; creating areas for recreation/leisure/to benefit human health
    to create jobs/reduce unemployment; such as forest workers /rangers/which increases tax revenue

    Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

    2 @ 2 marks

  • 1(d)[6]

    Evaluate the opportunities for, and challenges of, continuing to develop mineral resource extraction sustainably in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

    Levels marking

    No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)

    Simple points referring to any view (2)

    Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

    Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content guide

    opportunities for continuing to develop mineral resource extraction sustainably:

    Pakistan is rich in mineral resources, if more were extracted it could contribute to GDP growth/create employment
    higher amounts of minerals may provide necessary materials to expand secondary industries to increase value added goods
    greater extraction may lead to reduced need to import resources and improve the balance of trade
    education and use of technology/efficient methods could make mineral extraction less environmentally damaging
    damage from mineral extraction could be repaired by afforestation schemes, etc. and areas could be enhanced

    challenges of continuing to develop mineral resource extraction sustainably:

    mineral extraction can cause air/water/land pollution, land reparations after mining take a long time and add to costs
    Pakistan’s mineral resources are finite, mining operations are not cost effective as they cause great environmental damage for limited amounts of mineral resources
    it is primary industry and there is greater potential for economic growth by developing secondary industries (manufactured goods have higher values) and service industries
    some minerals are in areas that are difficult to access so require road building, this increases cost and degrades environments
    mining is dangerous work and can cause long-term health problems, safety equipment is required which increases costs
    requires specialist machinery, importing this can be expensive as is recruiting high skilled workers
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