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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2024 · Paper 21 · Question 4

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 4(a)(i)[2]

    Study Fig. 4.1, a map of population density in southern and western Pakistan.

    Identify the population density for the areas labelled X and Y on Fig. 4.1.

    X = 0–100
    Y = 301–1000

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 4(a)(ii)[4]

    Suggest two physical factors that may explain differences in population density between areas X and Y. You should develop your answer.

    flat/plain land/valley floor; is easier to build large settlements/roads/large industries
    mountainous areas; become inaccessible in winter due to

    snowfall/difficult to build transport links or communications/attract tourism due to winter snow

    uneven/sandy/rocky terrain; is not suitable for building houses or industries/ makes costs of construction much higher
    fertile soils; higher yields can be produced/plentiful food supply
    thin soils; cannot support crop farming because only a small variety of plants will grow
    river nearby; attract people due to constant water supplies for households for drinking/industry/agriculture set up and offer employment opportunities
    arid area/low rainfall; makes it difficult for people/animals/crops to survive/drought conditions make life hard/water for drinking/industries is sparse
    seasonal/moderate rainfall; crops can be grown with less irrigation
    extreme (high/low) temperatures; few people can survive here due to heatstroke/people suffer frostbite/ restricted to indoor work
    moderate temperatures; make living conditions more comfortable all year round

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

    2 @ 2 marks

  • 4(b)(i)[2]

    Study Fig. 4.2, a population pyramid showing the population structure of Pakistan in 2020.

    Complete Fig. 4.2 using the information in the table.

    Correctly plotted bar at 6.0% male
    Correctly plotted bar at 1.5% female

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 4(b)(ii)[1]

    Using Fig. 4.2, identify the age group for males that represents 3.9% of the total population. Circle the correct answer.

    30–34

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 4(b)(iii)[3]

    State three impacts of a high percentage of young dependents (people aged 0–19) in Pakistan’s population structure.

    large group of (educated) people for the future workforce/larger number of taxpayers in the future
    can provide support for parents/older relatives
    higher earning potential for families/child labour increases
    economy will decline/fewer economically active/lower GDP/decreased national income/lower earnings/incomes/increased poverty
    increased class sizes/demand for school places/need for (more) schools/high(er) costs of education/increased spending on education
    demand for/burden/pressure on/increased spending on/need for (more) healthcare/maternity services
    financial pressure on families/middle aged/working age adults/the economically active to earn more/higher cost of living
    need for more/burden on housing
    increased caring responsibilities/burden on family/childcare/one parent can’t work
    future competition for jobs/future higher unemployment /fewer job prospects in future

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 4(b)(iv)[2]

    Give two reasons for an increasing percentage of older dependents (people aged 60 or over) in Pakistan’s population structure.

    improved/increased

    access to health services/facilities/hospitals/doctors/nurses
    treatments/medication/vaccinations/vaccines to cure/prevent diseases
    water supply
    sanitation/hygiene
    food supply/diet
    access to education/awareness of health
    health(ier) lifestyle/fitness/exercise
    health and safety/use of machinery
    access to pensions/benefits

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 4(c)(i)[1]

    Define ‘seasonal migration’.

    movement of people for a period of time/in the winter/in the summer/for several months/temporarily/with the seasons

  • 4(c)(ii)[4]

    Describe four causes of population migration to urban areas in Pakistan.

    fewer jobs/jobs mainly in agriculture/mechanisation in agriculture/more job opportunities in urban areas
    higher pay in cities/lower pay in rural areas/poverty
    better access to healthcare in urban areas/ poorer access to healthcare/ availability in rural areas
    more schools/higher education in urban areas/ less access to education in rural areas
    for improved housing standards/access to more housing
    for improved sanitation/hygiene/sewers/clean water provision
    increased availability/range of entertainments/ shopping/ leisure facilities in urban areas/lack of entertainment in rural areas
    more reliable electricity/internet telecommunications/mobile network in urban areas/load shedding/unreliable electricity/internet/

    telecommunications/mobile network in rural areas

    due natural hazards/flooding/drought/crop failure/food shortages
    more roads and railways in urban areas/public transport availability
    disputes over land disputes/eviction by landlords/lack of cultivable land/division of inherited land in rural areas

    4 @ 1 mark

  • 4(d)[6]

    Rural-urban migration can create problems in urban areas. To what extent have measures used to improve housing and services in urban areas solved these problems in Pakistan?

    Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. Levels marking

    No valid response

    0 Level 1

    1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2

    3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

    Level 3

    5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content guide

    Measures have solved the problems:

    self-help schemes have been set up and have been successful in providing improved housing areas
    clean water has been provided
    electricity/power supply has been improved
    more areas in cities have sanitation
    healthcare and education have been improved
    self-help schemes have been successful because people are providing their own labour/people are more incentivised

    Measures have not solved the problems:

    demand for services/housing outstrips supply
    problems still remain/extent of services not sufficient
    lack of land available for new housing
    providing ready built/cheap housing has not been successful as people cannot afford it
    jobs provided in house building/services provision are not sufficient for all people
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