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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2024 · Paper 21 · Question 5

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 5(a)(i)[3]

    Study Fig. 5.1, a map of rail networks in southern and western Pakistan. Name a station on a main line

    Name a station on a branch line

    Name the station located 330 km kilometres north-west of Rohri

    Main line stations: Bahawalpur/Hyderabad/Karachi Cantt/ Khanewal/ Khanpur/Kotri/Multan/ Nawabshah/Peshawar/Rohri/Sukkur
    Branch line stations: Bahawalpur/Dera Ghazi

    Khan/Hyderabad/Jacobabad/Khanewal/Kotri/Larkana/Mirpur Khas/Multan/ Quetta/Sargodha/Sibi/Sukkur

    Quetta

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 5(a)(ii)[2]

    State two reasons why railway lines are unevenly distributed in Pakistan.

    mountainous areas/rugged topography make railways impossible to build/flat land promotes the building of railways
    desert/sandy soil makes railways much more expensive/difficult to build
    the network connects main urban areas/focuses on areas of higher population density/low population areas make building railway lines not economically viable
    serves main industrial areas/connects ports/locations for trade
    avoids areas with extreme climates/snow would block railway lines in winter/railway lines could buckle in high temperatures/extreme climates are harsh to do construction work in
    opposition to new railway lines in some areas
    priorities during British rule/linking previously important locations 2 @ 1 mark

  • 5(a)(iii)[2]

    Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of rail transport for people in Pakistan.

    Advantages:

    fast/convenient
    can easily buy tickets/book seats
    working to a timetable
    no luggage restrictions
    cheaper than air travel /cheap over long distances
    safer than road travel
    more productive/can work on a train/more relaxing travel

    Disadvantages:

    overcrowding
    old trains/tracks/lack of maintenance/unsafe tracks/ derailments
    delays/not a door-to-door service
    lines do not serve all areas
    too expensive for many/some people

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 5(a)(iv)[2]

    Describe how rail transport in Pakistan has recently been improved.

    ticketing/reservation system is computerised/online/apps
    new/extended railway lines/more stations
    new train services have opened/faster trains/the Karakoram

    Express/night coach trains (Karachi to Lahore)/Green line trains (Karachi to Islamabad)/Orange line metro trains (driverless)

    electrification of trains/tracks
    track replacement/changes from single to dual track/ narrow gauge to double gauge (to reduce derailments)
    signalling upgrades to reduce accidents
    trains more comfortable/toilets/air-conditioned carriages/ sleeper carriages

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 5(b)(i)[2]

    Study Fig. 5.2, a pie chart showing the percentage of Pakistan’s imports by continent.

    Complete Fig. 5.2 using the information in the table.

    Accurate completion of Asia/ Europe dividing line at 74%
    Accurate completion of shading for Asia (vertical lines)
    Accurate completion of shading for Europe (horizontal lines)

    Note: 1 mark max (for shading) if not plotted in the same order as the key 2 @ 1 mark

  • 5(b)(ii)[2]

    Suggest two reasons why countries in Asia account for such a large percentage of Pakistan’s imports.

    close by/proximity to Pakistan/neighbouring countries/shares a border
    possible to transport by road/rail
    cheaper transport costs
    sea trade by ship/through the Arabian Sea (e.g. to Iran)/access (to Asian) countries by sea
    positive/friendly relations with nearby countries/many trading partners (in Asia)
    trading agreements/belong to the same trading blocs

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 5(b)(iii)[2]

    Define the term ‘exports’ and name a main export for Pakistan.

    goods (or services) sold to other countries/outside of Pakistan
    main exports: carpets/rugs//meat//cereals/flour//medical/pharmaceutical /optical equipment//chemicals//rice//copper//salt/sulphur/stone/plaster/ lime/cement//cotton//spices//clothing//sports goods//edible

    oil(s)//sugar//fish/crustaceans//surgical goods//fruits/nuts/vegetables// textiles//leather goods

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 5(c)[4]

    Explain two factors that may limit international trade for Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

    tariffs imposed on trade; these extra costs make imports more expensive/less attractive
    quotas applied to a product; which place a limit on the amount of value of imports
    government subsidies for their own products; which make imported goods more expensive than local ones
    cost of transportation of goods; make it economically challenging to export goods/too expensive for small traders to pay/adds costs to the goods
    restrictions/embargoes; due to labour/working conditions
    Pakistan is not a member of big trading blocs (like the EU); this limits the number of countries Pakistan can trade with
    quality/standardisation of goods; not meeting international standards means some countries will not import/only a limited amount of value- added goods produced in Pakistan
    currency exchange rates; exports from countries with higher value currencies are expensive for Pakistan to purchase
    policy changes/political instability; deter trade agreements/led to uncertainty/countries reluctant to trade/invest

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

    2 @ 2 marks

  • 5(d)[6]

    Read the following two views about trade and sustainable economic development in Pakistan:

    A: Developing international trade relationships is the best way to promote sustainable economic development in Pakistan.

    B: Investment in industry and trade within Pakistan is the best way to promote its sustainable economic development.

    Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

    Levels marking

    No valid response

    0 Level 1

    1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2

    3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

    Level 3

    5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content guide

    Developing international trade relationships is the best way to promote the sustainable economic development of Pakistan:

    international trade relationships allow increased options for exports/ access to preferential rates for imports
    increasing exports could reduce the negative balance of trade and increase the GDP of Pakistan
    establishing trade relationships with other countries can bring more foreign investment into Pakistan
    trade relationships/agreements bring financial security so government can invest in other areas of the economy

    Investment in industry and trade within Pakistan is the best way to promote its sustainable economic development:

    investment in energy production is needed as a reliable power supply benefits all areas of the economy
    Pakistan’s economy is agriculture-focused, ensuring enough food can be produced to support a growing population will cut food imports and make the economy more sustainable
    Pakistan is rich in mineral resources; these can be valuable export goods as they are in high demand
    support for domestic manufacturing to make local goods that meet international standards cheaper will help reduce imports and encourage self-sufficiency
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