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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2024 · Paper 21 · Question 3

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 3(a)(i)[2]

    Study Fig. 3.1, a map of sugar cane production in southern and western Pakistan.

    Measure the distance between Karachi and Multan.

    State the compass direction from Karachi to Multan.

    720–750 km
    north-east

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 3(a)(ii)[3]

    Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of the main areas of sugar cane production in Pakistan.

    pattern is linear
    along/around/near the rivers/tributaries/River Indus
    in central Pakistan
    in east/south/south-east Pakistan/east of the River Indus
    along/near/on the coast/Arabian Sea
    found between 67–73 °E, 23–33 °N
    east/south-east/north-east of Karachi
    south-west/west/north of Multan
    (cluster) around Multan/near Karachi/Multan
    along border with India/international boundary

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 3(a)(iii)[3]

    State three natural factors which promote the growth of sugar cane. Temperature:

    25–35 °C
    warm/hot

    Rainfall:

    high/plentiful/regular
    1100–1520 mm per year
    high humidity/humid

    Soil:

    loam/clay/alluvial/silt/fertile/with nutrients/minerals
    retains water
    well drained/good aeration
    pH 5–8.5

    Relief:

    (relatively) flat land/gentle slope

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 3(b)(i)[2]

    Study Fig. 3.2, a diagram of the processes involved in cotton fibre production.

    Complete Fig. 3.2 by placing the correct words from the box in the spaces in the diagram.

    First box: harvesting

    Second box: ginning

    Third box: cotton seed

    Fourth box: livestock feed

    Note: 1 or 2 correct = 1 mark, 3 or 4 correct = 2 marks

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 3(b)(ii)[1]

    Name one city in Pakistan that is important for the manufacturing of cotton yarn.

    Chiniot / Multan / Faisalabad / Muzaffar Garth / Gujrat / Okara / Hyderabad / Peshawar / Jhang / Rahimyar Khan / Karachi / Rawalpindi / Kotri / Sargodha/ Lahore / Tando Mohammad Khan

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 3(b)(iii)[4]

    Explain two ways farmers can increase the amount of cotton they produce. You should develop your answer.

    use of named irrigation method; provides the right amount/water when it is needed
    use of fertilisers; to improve nutrients for growth/to produce better quality crops
    use of pesticides; to reduce loss of crops/for healthier crops/to increase resistance to disease
    use of High Yield Variety seeds (HYV)/examples of e.g. CRIS-134/Niab- 846; to produce more bolls per plant /to resist leaf curl virus/for drought resistance
    mechanisation/named machinery e.g. tractors/harvesters; to make ploughing/sowing fast/more efficient
    education/training; farmers know how to maximise yield/ how to use machinery/apply chemicals
    terracing slopes/clearing natural vegetation/draining marshy

    areas/desalinisation; to increase the area for cotton production

    land consolidation/bring more land into production; to make machinery easier to use/for economies of scale

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

    2 @ 2 marks Identify the correct definitions of waterlogging and salinity. Tick (✓) the

  • 3(c)(i)[2]

    two correct statements in the table.

    waterlogging: saturation of the soil
    salinity: amount of salt in the soil

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 3(c)(ii)[2]

    Describe how waterlogging can be prevented by farmers in Pakistan.

    lining canals (with concrete to reduce seepage/leaks)
    planting (eucalyptus) trees (to take up water through roots)
    using tubewells (to pump water out of the soil/lower the water table)
    closing off canals/water supply to their land
    dig (surface) drains/channels/ditches (to divert/channel water back to rivers/to spread water over a larger area)
    education/training/raise awareness about water

    wastage/conservation/modern irrigation methods

    loans/grants for farmers to buy/improve/repair/modernise irrigation methods/equipment

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 3(d)[6]

    Evaluate the importance of increasing agricultural output for the people and economy of Pakistan.

    Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. Levels marking

    No valid response

    0 Level 1

    1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2

    3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

    Level 3

    5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content guide

    Increasing agricultural output is important for the people and economy of Pakistan:

    increasing agricultural output can increase GDP if there is enough production/quality for increased exports
    increased output would reduce the demand for imported foods, saving money, reducing environmental impact
    increases in staple foods would improve food security
    increased output would allow food stockpiles to be kept for times of flood/drought/emergency
    for subsistence farmers increased output may allow more to sell some of their output and increase family incomes

    Increasing agricultural output is less important for the people and economy of Pakistan:

    there are challenges for agricultural production from waterlogging, overgrazing, soil erosion, rural-urban migration which makes increasing output difficult
    the investment required to help farmers increase their output would be huge/the change may be resisted due to preference for traditional methods
    other sectors such as industry or services can provide higher paid jobs and therefore can improve quality of life for people
    investment in education/training can lead to more high skilled workers and an increase in the tertiary sector helping economic growth
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