Note AcademyNote Academy
Start

Pakistan Studies · May / June 2024 · Paper 21 · Question 2

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 2(a)(i)[2]

    Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a photograph showing part of the River Swat and its floodplain.

    Using Fig. 2.1 only, identify two natural features of the floodplain.

    low (lying)
    flat/plain
    wide floodplain/wide river/channel
    fertile soils/silt/alluvium
    active/old floodplain/khaddar/bhangar
    levees
    braided (channel)/tributaries/confluence
    meanders/river bends
    islands/eyots/sand banks
    piedmont plains/alluvial terraces/cuestas
    doab

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 2(a)(ii)[3]

    Floodplains can be used for transport and communications. State three other uses of floodplains in Pakistan.

    agriculture/farming (crops/livestock/named livestock/crops)
    fishing/fish farms
    building settlements/housing
    location for manufacturing (industry)/factories/named example of industry
    power stations
    flood protection
    forestry
    nature conservation
    tourism/scenic beauty/recreation
    water supply for drinking/for industrial use/for irrigation/for livestock
    dams/barrages/reservoirs can be built

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 2(a)(iii)[2]

    Describe how flooding in Pakistan can impact transport and

    communications.

    roads/railways damaged/blocked/destroyed
    bridges damaged/impassable
    people have to travel by boat
    vehicles can’t be used/people trapped at home/deliveries can’t be made/delays caused to travel/traffic congestion
    telephone wires/no internet/communication masts disrupted/damaged/not working
    power cuts/load shedding/can’t charge devices
    cannot contact people/employers/customers/services
    repairs can take a long time
    repairs are expensive
    repairs require skilled labour

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 2(b)(i)[2]

    Complete Fig. 2.2, a divided bar graph showing the percentage use of total water consumed in Pakistan. Use the information in the table and the key.

    Accurate completion of agriculture dividing line at 91%
    Accurate completion of shading for agriculture (diagonal lines in the correct direction)
    Accurate completion of manufacturing (shaded/solid colour)

    Note: 1 mark max (for shading) if not plotted in the same order as the key. 2 @ 1 mark

  • 2(b)(ii)[1]

    Using Fig. 2.2, calculate the difference between the % of water used in agriculture and the % of water used in households.

    87 (%)

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 2(b)(iii)[3]

    Describe how rivers and streams may become polluted.

    industries/factories may release waste/oil/chemicals (into rivers/streams)
    power stations release waste/(hot) water which contains toxic

    metals/ash/pollutants (into rivers)

    mining causes dust (settles in rivers/waste can be disposed/seep into water bodies)
    farming uses fertilisers/pesticides/slurry (which can seep into water sources)
    boats can have oil/fuel spills (which pollute river water)
    sewage is dumped in rivers/lack of maintenance to/poor quality/leaking sewage pipes (pollute waterways)
    waste/litter going into streams from settlements/homes/by individuals 3 @ 1 mark

  • 2(b)(iv)[2]

    State two strategies used to reduce the pollution of rivers and streams in Pakistan.

    (stricter/increased/enforced) regulations on treatment of waste before dumping/official disposal methods/laws/ checks on boats/industries/ imposing fines
    reduced/more controlled use/bans on pesticides/fertilisers
    increased use of organic products (e.g. fertilisers)
    drainage and sewers in settlements can be improved
    water/sewage treatment plants invested in/all sewage treated
    education/raising awareness/adverts/posters
    afforestation/trees planted (to reduce siltation)
    cleaning up already polluted rivers/streams
    more official waste disposal sites (e.g. landfill sites)/litter bins/more regular rubbish collection/increased recycling

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 2(c)[4]

    Explain two ways that water supply issues could lead to conflict. You should develop your answer.

    uneven supply of water to provinces along a river; water supply can be restricted by dams/can cause flooding/drought downstream
    conflicts over dam/reservoir construction/building/location; the Kalabagh/Diamer Bhasha dams are under construction causing disputes over finance/water share/dams cause flooding of areas/some people to be displaced
    conflicts between farmers who must share water/irrigation systems; in Karez systems, water is divided/farmers may compete for water/may not be enough water for all/some steal/take too much water from canals
    conflicts in industry competing demand for clean water; particularly in times of drought/issues of pollution caused by industries upstream
    conflicts in urban areas due to shortage/high demand for water; people may demonstrate/protest to authorities about lack of water/many dwellings may share a water supply/may not be enough to go around
    over burden on water supply in a new area/in urban areas; lack of water can cause migration from rural areas/to an area with supply
    conflict between sectors of industry/villages vs manufacturing/industries vs domestic needs; users feel they are getting an unfair proportion of supply
    international tensions/between countries that share a river; the Indus Water Treaty regulates share of water between Pakistan and India/ inability of countries further from the source of a river to control the flow Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

    2 @ 2 marks

  • 2(d)[6]

    Evaluate the extent to which investment in a clean water supply is important for Pakistan’s sustainable development.

    Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. Levels marking

    No valid response

    0 Level 1

    1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2

    3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

    Level 3

    5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content guide

    Investment in clean water is important for sustainable development:

    a large proportion of the population don’t have access to clean drinking water
    improved access to clean drinking water could reduce the demand on the health services
    healthier population leads to greater educational attainment/employment prospects/longer life expectancy
    healthier workers are more productive/work until are older
    healthier workforce attracts foreign investment
    international tourists are less likely to visit when clean water supply is a concern
    clean water allows ecosystems and habitats to thrive

    Investment in clean water is not the most important for sustainable development:

    provision of large-scale dams/water treatment plants /pipelines is very expensive, could lead to debt
    large scale water supply schemes require cooperation between provinces/countries and are difficult to implement
    population growth/migration mean ever increasing demands for clean water are difficult to meet
    a proportion already have access to clean water supply, so it is not the highest priority
    Pakistan has limited financial resources, investment in other areas could cost less and create more benefits
    investment in a reliable energy supply is more important in order to reduce load shedding and support manufacturing
    investment in education leads to more skilled workers
Practise this paper →

Make a free account to save your answers and see your weak topics and ask the AI why a wrong answer is wrong.