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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2024 · Paper 21 · Question 1

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 1(a)(i)[1]

    Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing limestone deposits in southern and western Pakistan.

    Name the province-level area labelled X on Fig. 1.1.

    X: Balochistan

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 1(a)(ii)[3]

    Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the distribution of limestone deposits in southern and western Pakistan.

    majority located in Province X/more in X than in W/Y/Z
    scattered/uneven/widespread/present in all provinces/areas (on the map)
    (mainly) in central Pakistan
    more/most in the west/more in the west than in the south
    cluster/many around/near Quetta
    south/east/north-east of Quetta/accurate number of deposits within accurate measured distance from Quetta
    north/north-east of Karachi/accurate number of deposits within accurate measured distance from Karachi
    linear pattern/line (between Quetta and Karachi)
    along/near/on province boundaries/borders/along the boundary between province/area X and W/Y/Z
    (one is) on Afghanistan border

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 1(a)(iii)[3]

    Name three metallic mineral resources extracted in Pakistan.

    Antimony / bauxite/aluminium / chromite/chromium / copper / gold / iron (ore) / lead (ore) / magnesite/magnesium / manganese / marcasite / silver / tin/cassiterite / zinc (ore)

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 1(b)(i)[2]

    Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of an area in south-western Pakistan.

    Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe two natural features of the landscape shown.

    barren/very sparse/lack of/no vegetation
    valleys/gullies/ravines/troughs/depressions/rills
    steep (slopes)
    rugged/conical/cone shaped/peaks
    (bare)rock(s)/rocky/scree/debris
    strata/stratified/layers
    dry/arid

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 1(b)(ii)[3]

    Describe three environmental impacts of mineral extraction.

    land pollution/contamination of soils from mining waste
    water pollution from waste seeping into water supplies/

    groundwater/rivers/sea

    air pollution/dust/smoke/gases released (from mining/

    machinery/digging/blasting/drilling/mining processes)

    noise pollution from digging/blasting/drilling/machinery
    landscape scarring/subsidence/deformed land/sink holes due to heavy machinery/tunnel collapse
    depressions filled with rainwater which become polluted
    spoil heaps/dumped waste rocks/ impede drainage/cause flooding/scar the landscape
    landslides due to vibrations/blasting/(heavy) machinery
    clearing vegetation/deforestation (for mining) leads to soil

    erosion/damaged habitats/loss of biodiversity/open cast mining causes deforestation

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 1(c)(i)[1]

    State one use of coal in Pakistan.

    for energy/heating homes/cooking/as a fuel
    to run (thermal) power stations/generate electricity/for power (generation)
    to fuel/in brick kilns/furnaces/factories/industries/for manufacturing/used in the process of making steel/ cement/ceramics
    to make coke and coal briquettes

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 1(c)(ii)[2]

    Complete the statements about how coal and natural gas are obtained. Choose the correct words from the box and place them in the spaces provided.

    coal = mining
    natural gas = drilling

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 1(c)(iii)[4]

    Explain two challenges of providing natural gas to some areas of Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

    some regions are mountainous/rugged/high altitude; building pipelines is difficult/expensive/areas are inaccessible/trucks can’t use steep roads/specialist equipment needed/gas pressure drops with altitude
    areas of Pakistan have extreme temperatures/hot/cold/ frozen conditions; roads can be blocked due to snow/pipeline ruptures difficult to repair/unpleasant for workers
    gas pipelines only go to major cities/do not go to sparsely populated areas; therefore, less gas availability in rural areas/areas distant from pipelines/ so pipelines are not economically viable
    gas transport beyond pipelines is by road; the road network isn’t developed in all regions/trucks carrying cylinders only carry limited amounts/can have accidents/cause explosions
    damage from earthquakes/landslides; means pipelines are expensive to build/to maintain
    pipelines are costly to build/gas is an expensive fuel; require skilled labour/because transporting it to remote areas is costly

    Note: Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

    2 @ 2 marks

  • 1(d)[6]

    Read the following two views about mineral resources and economic development in Pakistan:

    A: Exploiting mineral resources in Pakistan is the best way to support economic development.

    B: Importing mineral resources to Pakistan is the best way to support economic development.

    Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer

    Levels marking

    No valid response

    0 Level 1

    1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2

    3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

    Level 3

    5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content guide

    Exploiting mineral resources in Pakistan is/is not the best way to support economic development.

    Pakistan has large reserves of some minerals which could be used to increase exports and generate revenue
    if Pakistan expanded mining of its own resources, it may reduce imports, which could support the balance of trade
    Pakistan should focus on producing high value goods rather than minerals which can often be of less value
    Exploiting mineral resources is high cost, requires specialist equipment, high skilled workers, this reduces the profitability
    Exploiting minerals causes air/land pollution, therefore money is spent on pollution control/loss of potential income from industries such as tourism

    Importing mineral resources to Pakistan is/is not the best way to support economic development.

    Pakistan can import minerals to provide energy, which can ensure a constant reliable power supply for all industries, therefore benefitting the entire economy
    Pakistan can rely on imports if they are used to produce enough high value goods which are then exported
    Imported minerals are expensive, high levels of imports for mineral creates a negative balance of trade
    Pakistan should focus on generating more non-renewable energy, so it no longer relies on imports of minerals, but can provide a reliable power supply to industries
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