Pakistan Studies 0448 May / June 2023 Paper 21 Question 4

4(a)(i) Study Fig. 4.1, a diagram showing the intended destination for the main products of some of Pakistan’s major industries. Complete Fig. 4.1 by using arrows to match the type of industry with the correct product and its main destination. An example has been done for you. type of industry…

Pakistan Studies · May / June 2023 · Paper 21 · Question 4

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4(a)(i)[3]
Study Fig. 4.1, a diagram showing the intended destination for the main products of some of Pakistan’s major industries.
Complete Fig. 4.1 by using arrows to match the type of industry with the correct product and its main destination. An example has been done for you.
type of industry
product
destination sports goods
footballs/cricket bats
export
market
iron and steel
metal rolls/bars/tubes/
domestic
wires/sheets
market
surgical
needles/scalpels scissors
domestic and instruments
export market 3 @ 1 mark
4(a)(ii)[3]
State one city where each of the following industries takes place in Pakistan.
sports goods – Sialkot
iron and steel – Faisalabad / Gujranwala / Islamabad / Jacobabad / Karachi / Lahore / Quetta / Peshawar / Rawalpindi / Taxila
surgical instruments – Sialkot/Lahore
3 @ 1 mark
4(a)(iii)[1]
To which sector do the types of industry named in (a)(i) belong? Circle the correct answer.
secondary
1 @ 1 mark
4(b)(i)[3]
Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph taken inside a steel mill in Pakistan.
Using Fig 4.2 only, describe three features of the steel mill shown.
large/wide building/factory
high ceiling
machinery/mechanised/high tech
rollers
metal/steel plate/steel bar(s)/steel sheet/rolled steel
staircases/walkways/bridge
barriers/railings
windows
lights/spotlights/floodlights/strip lights/electricity/power supply
offices/control room (to the side)
two/three storeys/floors/levels
container(s)/storage box
3 @ 1 mark
4(b)(ii)[2]
Study Fig. 4.3, a line graph showing changes in the percentage share of total employment by employment sector in Pakistan between 2012 and 2020.
Complete Fig. 4.3 by plotting the percentage share employed in the secondary sector in 2018 and the tertiary sector in 2020 using the information below.
accurate completion of secondary line: 2018 – 25%
accurate completion of tertiary line: 2020 – 38%
2 @ 1 mark
4(b)(iii)[3]
Suggest reasons for the changes in the percentage share of total employment for each employment sector shown in Fig. 4.3.
(primary decline)
more mechanised/mechanisation/manual work reduced
loss of agricultural land
importing more food/raw materials
rural to urban migration
low wages
(secondary remains steady)
lack of investment in industries
manufactured goods are imported
some new factories/mills employ few people due to machines
(secondary slight increase)
foreign/multi-national investment
some new manufacturing industries need workers
more educated/skilled/trained/literate population
people attracted to jobs by higher wages/better conditions
(tertiary industry increased)
increased high technology/ICT/research and development
increased call centre/banking/insurance jobs
more international/domestic tourism
increasing demand/growing population for more services/shops / entertainments/leisure
more disposable income to spend on services
more educated/skilled/trained/literate population
people attracted to jobs by higher wages/better conditions
Note: 1 mark per section. No credit for the same idea used in more than one sector.
3 @ 1 mark
4(c)[4]
Explain two factors influencing the location of the iron and steel industry in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.
close to raw materials (e.g. iron ore/manganese); as raw materials are expensive/bulky to transport (dev)
in areas where raw materials are accessible by mining; complex extraction requires more money/highly skilled workforce/expensive machinery (dev)
site of steel mill must be flat land; this reduces construction costs/level rollers required for steel sheet production (dev)
site of steel mill must have area of large/cheap land available; for future expansion/for storage (dev)
mine/mill needs a reliable/available power supply; such as a power station/named example e.g. Karachi nuclear plant/connected to national grid/load shedding will slow production (dev)
needs a close water supply/river/sea; to be used as a coolant (dev)
good transport links/routes are required nearby; such as roads/railways for ease/speed of transporting raw materials/finished products (dev)
coastal location for steel mills; to allow access to port/import of raw materials (dev)
near to towns/cities/large population/densely populated areas; for abundant/skilled/unskilled labour/where workers can commute (dev)
steel mill away from housing/residential area; due to noise/air pollution (dev)
near to manufacturing industries/named example e.g. car assembly plants/steel girders; for sales/markets for goods/because they use the iron/steel to make their finished product (dev)
Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks
4(d)[6]
The informal sector plays an important role within many of Pakistan’s major industries.
To what extent does informal labour benefit the economic
development of Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.
Levels marking
No valid response
0 Level 1
1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)
Level 2
3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)
Level 3
5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)
Content Guide
Informal labour benefits economic development because:
informal labour plays an important role in many industries e.g. textile industry/sports goods etc. allowing export products to be manufactured
informal sector employs large numbers of people providing them income, to spend on other goods and services
allows people with little education/skills to gain income so can reduce number of homeless/extreme poverty
skills in informal work are handed down through generations so government have less need to invest in education
informal industry makes use of local raw materials/waste products from other industries, therefore reduces cost of/need for imports
tourists spend money on informally made traditional craft products contributing to GDP
informal jobs can fit work around other commitments providing extra income for people, this income can be spent in other sectors Informal labour may not benefit economic development because:
if formal instead of informal labour was used there would be less unemployment or under-employment/more taxes paid to government so more investment could take place/examples of how taxes could be used to further develop the country
informal labour is better for industries because it reduces costs in paying taxes/can pay lower wages but this negatively affects the economy overall
do not have to maintain a contract/regular hours, informal labour is only used temporarily to fill gaps to meet demand so the contribution to the economy fluctuates
it may limit international trade – non-standardised goods/poor working conditions/some areas of the informal sector use child labour
formal labour could increase international trade/meet international standards to increase value of goods/exports
Examples could include named industries e.g. brick kiln/surgical
instruments, craft products e.g. embroidery/shoes etc.
3 @ 1 mark

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