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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2023 · Paper 21 · Question 3

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 3(a)(i)[4]

    Study Figs. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 (Insert), photographs showing four different crops grown in Pakistan.

    Identify the type of crop shown in each photograph.

    Fig. 3.1 = rice

    Fig. 3.2 = sugar cane

    Fig. 3.3 = cotton

    Fig. 3.4 = wheat/barley

    4 @ 1 mark

  • 3(a)(ii)[2]

    Using Fig. 3.1 (Insert) only, describe the characteristics of the crop shown.

    leaves are long/straight/narrow/spiky/pointed
    small seeds/grains
    stalks/grains/seeds are drooping/hanging/bending
    grains are clustered together/growing along stalks
    grains are covered by chaff/husks
    leaves are (bright) green/yellow/seeds/grains are

    green/yellow/cream/white/chaff is cream/white (colour max 1 mark) 2 @ 1 mark

  • 3(b)(i)[3]

    Study Fig. 3.5, a map showing sheep-rearing areas in southern Pakistan. Using Fig. 3.5 only, describe the distribution of the main sheep-rearing areas.

    uneven/scattered/widespread distribution
    in all provinces on the map/on Fig 3.5/ all named provinces
    along international boundaries/border
    along named province boundaries/border: Balochistan & Sindh/ Balochistan & Punjab/Punjab & Sindh
    Balochistan has the largest main area/Sindh has the smallest main area
    central/mid/N/NE Balochistan
    SE(tip) of Sindh/small area in N/NE Sindh
    W/NW/SW of Punjab
    found between 25–31°N, 61–71°E in Balochistan

    found between 24–28°N, 69–71°E in Sindh

    found between 29–31°N, 69–73°E in Punjab

    Note: latitude and longitude = max 1 mark.

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 3(b)(ii)[4]

    Explain two reasons why sheep are reared in the regions shown in Fig. 3.5. You should develop your answer.

    provide a wide range of useful products; such as named example (milk/cheese/wool/meat/skin etc.) (dev)
    are profitable/low cost to rear/source of income/reared for commercial purposes; the wool is used in manufacture of textiles/there is a high demand for meat in the domestic/export markets (dev)
    the meat is in high demand for religious/cultural celebrations; they are sacrificed in large numbers at festivals such as Eid-al-Adha/their meat is prized above other meats for special/celebration meals (dev)
    are relatively low cost to keep/subsistence farmers rear sheep; meat/milk used to feed their families/use the wool to make clothes (dev)
    can be nomadic/are often reared by nomadic people; they are relatively fast to herd/can move over the terrain easily (dev)
    can survive in mountainous areas/on slopes/uneven/rough/marginal land; because they are sure footed/they can be reared on land not wanted for other more profitable uses/named land use examples (dev)
    are adaptable/can survive in many climate conditions; can grow thicker coats for survival in cold areas/do not require much water in hot climates/do not require a lot of care from farmers (dev)
    can graze on many types of vegetation/grass/shrubs; can roam over wide areas to find grazing (dev)

    Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

    2 @ 2 marks

  • 3(c)(i)[1]

    Define ‘cash crop farming’.

    Farming that produces crops for sale/to make money/to be sold for profit/for commercial purposes.

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 3(c)(ii)[3]

    Complete the diagram to show how cash crop farming operates as a system. You should give one example of: an input; a process: an output. inputs: money/capital/labour/tools/machinery/named example of tool or machinery/seeds/fertiliser/pesticide/insecticide/

    land/soil/climate/water/rainfall/sunshine

    processes: ploughing/planting/sowing/transplanting/weeding/spraying / irrigation/picking/harvesting/winnowing/threshing

    outputs: crops/named example crops/by-products/profit

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 3(c)(iii)[2]

    Suggest two ways agricultural production in Pakistan could be increased.

    (By increased use of/access to:)

    GM/high-yielding varieties(HYVs)/drought resistant seeds
    manure/(chemical) fertilisers/pesticides/insecticides
    modern irrigation systems or named examples e.g. sprinkler
    reducing water pollution/water conservation
    crop rotation/multi-cropping
    machinery/mechanisation
    (farmer) education/training/increased literacy rates
    subsidies/loans
    lowering prices/seed banks
    land consolidation/reform/reclamation/larger area/fields
    treating/preventing waterlogging/salinity
    tree planting for shade/to prevent soil erosion

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 3(d)[6]

    Pakistan has a large agricultural sector which contributed around 20 per cent to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2020.

    Evaluate the opportunities for, and challenges of, continuing to develop agriculture sustainably in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

    Levels marking

    No valid response

    0 Level 1

    1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)

    Simple points referring to any view (2)

    Level 2

    3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

    Level 3

    5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content Guide

    Opportunities for developing agriculture sustainably include:

    rich fertile soil along e.g. Indus plain produces high output/reduces need for fertilisers as sediments are deposited naturally
    the use of fertilisers natural and chemical would increase output/reduce the need for imported food/could export more crops/increase balance of trade
    land reforms would improve output by consolidating holdings and protecting the rights of tenants/breaking the monopoly of landlords/thus increasing the land available for farming/increasing production
    use of machinery should increase which means that farming can be intensified/more produced on same amount of land
    Pakistan has the potential to improve output further through education/ training/skills to enable farmers to use new technology/machinery/ techniques/irrigation methods

    Challenges of developing agriculture sustainably include:

    majority of quality, useable farmland is already in production
    increasing population is increasing demand for land for other uses such as urbanisation/transport/industry
    crops are threatened by pests and diseases, whole crops can be wiped out making farming unsustainable
    farmers may not be able to afford pesticides/insecticides, they are harmful to the environment
    farmers may not be able to afford HYV seeds, so may not produce enough crops to sell/can only produce enough for themselves
    many farmers have small holdings/subsistence farmers which means that only small amounts of food are produced/does not help the future economic development of the country
    some farmers continue to use traditional methods which does not improve the quality or quantity of crops produced, education/training for farmers but some resistant to using modern techniques

    Examples: could include named regions/crops/irrigation equipment/named machinery/types of seed e.g. IR8/land reform policies etc.

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