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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2023 · Paper 21 · Question 2

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 2(a)(i)[2]

    Study Fig. 2.1, a climate graph showing rainfall and temperature for a region of Pakistan.

    Complete Fig. 2.1 for July using the information below.

    accurate plotting of dot at 36 °C and the line joined up
    accurate completion of bar at 5 mm (no need for bar to be shaded) 2 @ 1 mark

  • 2(a)(ii)[3]

    Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the climate shown in the graph.

    Temperature:

    high temperatures/hot during summer
    mild temperatures/cool during winter
    highest temperature in July
    highest temperature is 36 °C
    lowest temperature in Jan
    lowest temperature is 12 °C

    Rainfall:

    arid/dry climate/(very)low/little rainfall
    39 mm rainfall
    May/June/Sept/Oct/Nov have no rainfall
    most rain falls from December/Jan–April
    highest rainfall is in Jan
    highest rainfall is 11 mm

    Note: 1 mark reserved for each of temperature and rainfall

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 2(a)(iii)[1]

    What type of climate region does the graph show? Circle the correct answer.

    arid

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 2(b)(i)[4]

    Describe the climate characteristics (rainfall and temperature) of the semi-arid region of Pakistan.

    Temperature:

    warm(er)/hot(ter)/high(er) temperatures in summer/May–Sept
    in summer/May–Sept 20–40 °C
    cool(er)/mild/moderate winter/Nov-March OR cold(er) in winter/Nov- March
    in winter/Nov-Mar –5–25 °C

    Rainfall:

    low/sparse/scanty/unreliable rainfall
    monsoon rainfall in summer/June–September
    (western) depression rainfall in winter/December–March
    (total) 250–600 mm of rainfall
    E of the region has higher rainfall/W of region is drier
    there is likely to be more evaporation than precipitation

    Note: 1 mark reserved for each of temperature and rainfall

    4 @ 1 mark

  • 2(b)(ii)[4]

    Explain two benefits of the climate for people living in mountain areas in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

    cool(er) temperatures in summer are more bearable; meaning workers do not suffer heat strokes (dev)

    allows more diversity of crops to grow (dev)

    attracts seasonal tourism providing employment (dev)

    cool(er) climate allows nuts/fruits (such as apricots) to be grown; which can be sold for income/exported improving the balance of trade (dev)
    warmer temperatures in spring melt glaciers which feeds the streams and rivers providing people vital water supplies; which are essential in cottage industries (dev)
    (relief) rainfall provides water supply to houses; for domestic uses/for livestock (dev)
    rainfall promotes agriculture in valleys/on terraced slopes; food supplies can be produced locally/reduces need to transport food to area (dev)
    cool temperatures/snow in the mountains attracts trekkers/climbers so providing locals employment opportunities; offering accommodation in guesthouses/hotels (dev)
    ice and snow add to the scenic beauty of the area generating tourism; locals can earn income as mountain guides/working in shops etc. (dev)
    ice and snow-capped northern mountains provide a natural border between neighbouring countries; traversing them is difficult so protects locals from possible conflicts (dev)
    Below the snowline alpine/coniferous forests grow providing (fuel)wood; reducing the need to import other fuel supplies (dev)

    providing a supply of timber for building (dev)

    Mountainous areas have strong winds allowing wind power generation; this provides electricity for local industries/homes (dev)

    Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

    2 @ 2 marks

  • 2(c)(i)[1]

    What is hydel power? Tick (✓) one box below.

    Electricity generated using energy from:

    fast flowing water

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 2(c)(ii)[4]

    Hydel power stations can be found in mountainous areas of Pakistan. Describe how electricity can be generated from hydel power.

    (the force of) fast flowing water is used/water goes through

    penstock/sluice for faster flow

    water spins/turns/drives the turbine
    a shaft goes into a generator
    the shaft spins rapidly (inside a magnetic field in the generator)
    the generator produces electricity
    the electric current is regulated by a transformer/electricity goes through a transformer
    electricity is sent through transmission/power lines (at the required voltage to where it is needed)

    Note: Credit can be given for points made on an annotated diagram. 4 @ 1 mark

  • 2(d)[6]

    Power sources are vital for economic development in Pakistan. To what extent can hydel power be relied upon for the future economic development of Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

    Levels marking

    No valid response

    0 Level 1

    1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)

    Simple points referring to any view (2)

    Level 2

    3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

    Level 3

    5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content Guide

    Hydel power can be relied upon because:

    hydel power is a renewable source of energy and is sustainable
    Pakistan has many mountainous regions with plenty of rainfall and glaciers which can provide adequate supply of water to generate electricity (for industries)
    once the reservoirs, hydel power station and power lines have been constructed there are low maintenance costs
    can provide a cheaper alternative to fossil fuels
    Pakistan needs to continue to invest in renewable sources of energy as fossil fuels are running out/remaining reserves are expensive to mine
    fossil fuels cost a lot to import

    Hydel power cannot be relied upon because:

    hydel is reliant on rainfall/fast flowing rivers so when reservoirs or rainfall is low not enough power can be generated for continuous supply
    there will be reduced rainfall due to climate change/rainfall cannot be relied upon so need a back-up of fossil fuels to ensure there are no power shortages (in cities)
    it is expensive to provide/build the infrastructure for producing hydel power, such as dams and power lines
    there is a mismatch between where the hydel power can be produced and where it is needed/transmission lines have to cover long distances
    other named power sources would be more cost effective/reliable because e.g. nuclear power provides a continuous supply

    Examples: could include named dam/hydel plant/region/river/ WAPDA/project in construction etc.

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