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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2023 · Paper 21 · Question 1

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 1(a)(i)[3]

    Study Fig 1.1, a map showing southern Pakistan and surrounding countries.

    On Fig 1.1 label the following: Afghanistan, India, Iran. You should write the name in the correct location on the map.

    Afghanistan

    Iran

    India

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 1(a)(ii)[1]

    Add a dot and the letter K onto Fig. 1.1 to show the location of Karachi. K

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 1(a)(iii)[1]

    Using Fig. 1.1 only, what is the approximate length of Pakistan’s coastline? Circle the correct answer.

    1000 km

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 1(a)(iv)[2]

    Name the rivers labelled X and Y on Fig. 1.1.

    X: River Hub (Hab)

    Y: River Ravi

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 1(b)[4]

    Suggest four ways in which rivers are important to Pakistan.

    source of water/create reservoirs (domestic use/people to drink)
    to provide a source of food/fish (to eat)
    for transport (people/goods)
    to provide nutrients/alluvium to the soil/flood plain/mangroves
    for farming/agriculture/irrigation (of fields/crops)
    for livestock/cattle/buffalo to drink/bathe/cool down
    fish farming/commercial fishing/aquaculture
    named manufacturing industry e.g. cement/textiles
    for cooling in power stations/industry
    habitat for wildlife/biodiversity/ecosystems
    afforestation projects
    to produce hydel/hydroelectric power/electricity
    to add to scenic beauty to the area (for tourism)
    for leisure activities/named example e.g.

    boating/swimming/photography/fishing

    for employment in a named industry e.g. fisherman/farmer

    4 @ 1 mark

  • 1(c)(i)[4]

    Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph showing part of the Karakoram range.

    Describe the natural features of the landscape shown.

    mountain(s)/mountain range
    high/tall
    steep (slopes)/sloping
    valley(s)
    peak/pyramidal peak/arete
    snow/ice/frozen
    rugged/jagged/sharp/rocky/barren/(bare)rock/scree/moraine
    gullies
    glaciers/tongues of ice/rivers of ice
    confluence

    4 @ 1 mark

  • 1(c)(ii)[4]

    Explain two ways in which the natural topography shown in Fig. 1.2 influences human activities. You should develop your answer.

    mountains/steep slopes/rugged terrain/uneven land/fast flowing rivers make building settlements/roads/railways/telecommunication lines difficult; routes are forced to follow valleys/or use high

    passes/embankments/cuttings/tunnels/bridges (dev)

    so transport and communications are limited (dev)

    so construction is more expensive (dev)

    rugged landscape discourages development of large-scale industries; as there is not enough flat land to build on (dev)

    so most people work in small scale/cottage industries (dev)

    high/mountainous areas experience extreme cold/heavy snowfall/are frozen through winter so roads blocked/cut off; people cannot travel to markets (dev)

    people spend some of the year indoors/can’t work outside (dev)

    bare rock/scree/thin/barren soils so there are few or no farming opportunities/cannot grow crops; so there is transhumance/seasonal migration (dev)

    so food is scarce/has to be transported to the area (dev)

    so farming activity is limited to valleys where landscape is flatter/soils are deeper/fertile (dev)

    glaciers/meltwaters feed the rivers so fresh water is provided for farming lower down in the valley; meaning a variety of crops can be grown (dev)
    Natural landscape/mountains/slopes attract tourists to visit;

    which provides employment opportunities (dev)

    so local people provide accommodation/tours/make souvenirs (dev) to photograph the scenery/for trekking/skiing/climbing (dev)

    which encourages government to build services/transport infrastructure in the area (dev)

    steep slopes/v shape/narrow valleys are ideal for developing hydel power stations; so can produce renewable electricity for industry/homes (dev) which creates employment for local people (dev)

    Note: Influences can be positive or negative.

    Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks

  • 1(d)[6]

    Water is a valuable resource for the continued sustainable development of Pakistan. Read the following two views about providing water: A

    Water pollution is the biggest threat to the continued provision of water supplies.

    B

    A shortage of dams is the biggest threat to the continued provision of water supplies.

    Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

    Levels marking

    No valid response

    0 Level 1

    1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)

    Simple points referring to any view (2)

    Level 2

    3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views or developed point and a relevant example (4)

    Level 3

    5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content Guide

    Agree with view A because:

    untreated sewage/industrial effluent makes water unusable
    dumping of waste in rivers is not strictly regulated
    regular flooding causes fresh water supply to be contaminated
    removing pollution from water is expensive and reduces the money available for water provision infrastructure
    etc.

    Disagree with view A because:

    water pollution can be easily solved/prevented by imposing laws and fines on industries/companies who pollute the water
    there are more serious threats to Pakistan’s water supply such as climate change e.g. increased risk of drought/flooding
    a bigger threat is from neighbouring countries limiting the water supply from the headwaters
    etc.

    Agree with view B because:

    rising temperatures increase evaporation from reservoirs so more of them are needed
    global warming is melting glaciers in the mountains, more dams are needed to store water in reservoirs
    Pakistan needs more water storage capacity to hold heavy rainfall e.g. in monsoon season, so water can be utilised
    more reservoirs could alleviate future drought conditions if available supply was stored
    more small dams across the country could aid in crop irrigation
    it would be very expensive to build more dams/money is needed for other sectors.
    etc.

    Disagree with view B because:

    there are enough dams already, those under construction need to be completed
    existing dams are not all in the places where need is greatest therefore they have limited use
    silting of reservoirs causes lower capacity making them less worthwhile
    water conservation is a better solution than building more dams
    conflicts over how water is used is a bigger threat
    etc.

    Examples: could include named dam/pollutant/settlement/river etc. but not named diseases.

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