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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2022 · Paper 21 · Question 4

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 4(a)(i)[3]

    Complete the table to define the three main types of farming in Pakistan. cash crop/commercial/arable

    livestock/pastoral

    subsistence/small-scale subsistence

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 4(a)(ii)[1]

    Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the areas in southern and western Pakistan where one type of livestock is mainly kept.

    State the type of livestock mainly kept in the areas shown on Fig. 4.1. sheep/goats

    1 @ 1 mark

  • 4(a)(iii)[3]

    Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the distribution of the areas within southern and western Pakistan where the livestock is mainly kept.

    throughout the country/widespread
    in all provinces (on the map)
    mainly in Balochistan
    between 24°–33°N and 62°–72°E (accept data within given range)
    on international boundary/boundaries/border
    (small) area in south-east Pakistan
    (large) area of central Pakistan
    west/south-west area of Punjab
    south-west area of KPK
    south-east area of Sindh/small area in north-east Sindh
    north/north-east area/band (west to east) across/in central Balochistan 3 @ 1 mark

  • 4(b)(i)[2]

    Study Fig. 4.2, a divided bar graph showing the percentage share by value of major crops grown in Pakistan.

    Using the information in Fig. 4.2 only:

    which crop accounts for a quarter of the value of major crops?
    what is the percentage share of sugar cane?
    Cotton
    12%

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 4(b)(ii)[3]

    State one major use for each of the crops below:

    cotton: making clothes/garments/furnishing fabrics/bed linen/industrial fabrics/textiles/yarn/wearing
    rice: (staple) food/diet/nutrition/animal fodder/eating/consumption
    tobacco: recreation/cigars/cigarettes/pipes/medicine/

    pharmaceuticals/smoking/chewing

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 4(c)(i)[4]

    Explain how the natural factors of soil and climate affect the growth of cotton. You should develop your answer.

    soil:

    should be fertile/alluvial/black/loam/loamy/clay; for the crop to grow well/so the soil is well drained
    the pH of the soil should be neutral/pH5.8-8.0/neither very acid or alkaline; cotton is very sensitive to/does not grow well in alkaline soil
    impervious sub-soil is needed/essential; because it retains water/so soil stays moist
    needs manure/dung/animal waste; to improve/maintain fertility of the soil climate:
    ideal temperature for cotton is hot/25–35°C; is needed for high yield/crops cannot survive in cold/best for ripening/harvesting
    mild night-time temperatures are needed/not too cold at night; for the development of the bolls/is sensitive to frost
    dry days are best for harvesting; rain will spoil the bolls at harvest time
    ample/sufficient/moderate/regular rainfall is needed/500–1000 mm; frequent showers with sunny periods in between/to prevent crops withering/for optimal growth
    when rainfall is less than 500 mm it is too dry; (crop

    fails/die/water/irrigation is needed)

    flooding/heavy rainfall; (will destroy the crops/causing them to rot/breaking down the stalks)

    Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development

    2 @ 2 marks

  • 4(c)(ii)[3]

    Complete the passage below about tobacco farming in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. Tobacco is mainly grown in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab. The varieties of tobacco grown on fertile soils with irrigation facilities are for the export market.

    Note: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab can be in either order.

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 4(d)[6]

    Water is a valuable resource for development, yet Pakistan faces acute water shortages. 2600–5300 litres of water per day are needed to grow enough food for one person compared with 50 litres of water being needed per person per day for domestic use.

    Evaluate the extent to which the use of water in agriculture in Pakistan can be made more sustainable. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

    Levels marking

    No valid response

    0 Level 1

    1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)

    Simple points referring to any view (2)

    Level 2

    3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views (4)

    Level 3

    5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content Guide

    water use in agriculture can become more sustainable:

    water losses from leaking pipes/unlined canals can be

    repaired/reduced/preventing waterlogging and salinity

    water saving devices/sprinklers/drip irrigation can be implemented to reduce water wastage
    install water meters so that farmers are aware of their usage
    clear dams/dykes to reduce waterlogging and salinity
    use of seeds/high-yielding varieties that require less water/drought resistant varieties
    education/training of farmers about water use and conservation
    restrictions imposed on farmers to constrain water usage
    modernisation of irrigation equipment

    Etc.

    water use in agriculture cannot become more sustainable:

    some farmers will not be able to afford water meters or other water saving devices/installing tubewells requires huge investment
    some farmers use inefficient farming practices cause waterlogging and salinity
    some farmers are resistant to using modern techniques as they prefer their traditional practices
    growing population requires more food which means more water will be used to grow crops
    groundwater supplies are being used at a rate faster than they can be replenished
    there are too many problems with irrigation systems it would be impossible to fix them all, leakage from canals reduces water availability Etc.
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