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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2022 · Paper 21 · Question 3

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 3(a)(i)[3]

    Study Fig. 3.1, a diagram showing three methods of coal extraction. Name the three methods of coal extraction shown in Fig 3.1 in the spaces provided.

    adit = top left
    open cast/pit/quarry = top right
    shaft = bottom right

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 3(a)(ii)[2]

    Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a photograph of a mine in Pakistan.

    Using Fig. 3.2 only, identify two features of the mine shown.

    tunnel/underground/passage
    rock/stone walls/rocky
    lights/dim light/poorly lit
    low ceiling/low roof
    nets/wire mesh on ceiling/roof
    rail(s)/track(s)/train track(s)
    (train/rail/mine) trucks/carts/trolleys
    orange/brown/grey colour rock/ground/walls
    flat ground/floor

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 3(a)(iii)[2]

    Suggest how coal is extracted from the type of mine shown in Fig. 3.2. Adit mine:

    coal/mineral seam is exposed on a hillside
    a tunnel/passage is made into the hillside/seam
    explosives/mining tools are used/coal is dug out
    tracks are laid/put down (through the tunnel)
    coal is put/loaded in trucks/carts/trolleys/tubs
    trucks/carts/trolleys/tubs run/are transported/pulled/pushed (on a track out of the mine)

    Shaft mine:

    a shaft is drilled down from the surface to reach the coal seam

    (underground)

    explosives/mining tools are used/coal is dug out
    tracks are laid/put down (through the tunnel)
    coal is put/loaded in trucks/carts/trolleys/tubs
    trucks/carts/trolleys/tubs run/are transported/pulled/pushed (on a track to the shaft)
    coal/trucks/loads lifted to the surface

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 3(b)(i)[2]

    Define ‘renewable’ and ‘non-renewable’.

    renewable can be used again/are infinite/always be

    present/sustainable/will not run out/not exhaust

    non-renewable are finite/limited/will exhaust/ cannot be used again/if used are gone forever

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 3(b)(ii)[3]

    Complete the table to classify by type (renewable or non-renewable) the energy resources listed below.

    renewable: hydel, solar, wind

    non-renewable: coal, gas, oil

    Note: 3 marks for 5 or 6 correct, 2 marks for 3 or 4 correct, 1 mark for 1 or 2 correct.

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 3(b)(iii)[3]

    Study Fig. 3.3, a pie chart showing the percentage share by value of Pakistan’s energy sources.

    Complete Fig. 3.3 using the information in the key.

    accurate completion of line plotted at 27% or 64%
    correct shading of fossil fuels segment – small dots
    correct shading of hydel segments – diagonal lines at the correct angle Note: 1 mark for accurate line/divide. 2 marks for correct shading in each segment.

  • 3(c)[4]

    Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of generating electricity using solar power. You should develop your answer.

    advantages:

    solar is a renewable resource; will not run out/can be used again/reduces use of non-renewables
    solar power is environmentally friendly; because it doesn’t burn anything/does not create air pollution/greenhouse gases
    Pakistan is sunny/has high number of sunshine hours/250-300 sunny days a year; so most/remote regions can utilise solar power
    once solar panels have been installed running costs are low; saving money in the long term
    small solar panels can be provided on homes; provides electricity to areas without need for pylons and cables
    solar panels are portable; can be installed on house rooftops/slopes/can be easily installed
    solar panels are low maintenance; minimal running costs/need for servicing

    disadvantages:

    amount of power generated per solar panel is quite small; may need several to power a home
    development of solar farms takes up large areas; land is needed for agriculture/industry etc.
    expensive to buy panels/construct solar farms; difficult to afford the initial investment/may need loans/increases debt
    no power is generated at night; in winter days are shorter in the north of Pakistan so energy production is not guaranteed
    some regions of Pakistan have long periods of cloud/rain/snow; less power is generated during these times/a backup source may be needed
    solar panels can get covered in dust/sand; require cleaning to ensure they can still operate/reduces their efficiency

    Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development

    2 @ 2 marks

  • 3(d)[6]

    Pakistan plans to generate 60 per cent of its power using renewable energy by 2030, yet coal-fired power stations are being rapidly developed. In 2016 there was one coal-fired power station and by 2019 there were nine, providing 15 per cent of Pakistan’s electricity supply. To what extent is it possible for Pakistan to generate more of its power from renewable energy? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

    Levels marking

    No valid response

    0 Level 1

    1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)

    Simple points referring to any view (2)

    Level 2

    3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views (4)

    Level 3

    5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content Guide

    It is not possible to produce more electricity from renewable resources:

    Pakistan already has power stations set up to use coal/oil/gas
    continuing to use reserves of coal/oil/gas is cheaper than setting up alternatives from scratch
    requires knowledge/skilled workers to set up
    renewables (or examples) are not 100% reliable
    Pakistan has invested heavily in developing coal fired power stations; this would be wasted
    problems with sandstorms in desert areas covering the solar panels; need to be cleaned so that they work properly/not as effective as hoped Etc.

    It is possible to produce more electricity from renewable resources:

    once set up running costs are low, making them more sustainable
    labour is available to work on the construction/maintenance of renewable power stations
    Pakistan has a lot of sunshine – perfect for solar power/desert areas can be used for solar farms
    Pakistan has lots of hilly areas – perfect for wind energy
    Pakistan already has several dams and this can be extended to produce more hydel power
    Pakistan has a coastline so it can develop tidal energy and build offshore wind farms
    Pakistan recognises there are benefits of renewables/they are environmentally friendly

    Etc.

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