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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2022 · Paper 21 · Question 5

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 5(a)(i)[2]

    Define ‘population distribution’.

    is the way that people are spread/scattered over an area

    or

    it is the pattern of where people live

    Note: 1 mark for the idea of spread/pattern. 1 mark for area/place/where people live

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 5(a)(ii)[3]

    Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), a map showing average annual population change by district in southern and western Pakistan between 1998 and 2017.

    Using Fig. 5.1 only, describe the distribution of the districts within southern and western Pakistan with over 4 per cent annual population change.

    uneven distribution/more in south than in north
    on/near international borders with Iran/Afghanistan
    mostly in Balochistan
    in central area of Pakistan
    south-west/west/north-east part of Balochistan
    south-west part of/coast of Sindh/Balochistan-Sindh boundary
    central/north/north-east/north-west part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 3 @ 1 mark

  • 5(a)(iii)[2]

    Suggest two reasons for the annual population change of the district labelled Z in Fig. 5.1.

    international migration
    internal migration between provinces/districts
    rural to urban migration
    displaced people/refugees
    push or pull factors (two from below:)

    in search of jobs/education/healthcare, etc.

    fleeing war/conflict/disaster/hazards, etc.

    increasing birth rates
    decreasing death rates/infant mortality rates
    birth rate is increasing while death rate is decreasing
    people are living longer/longer life expectancy
    people having larger numbers of children

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 5(b)(i)[2]

    Study Fig. 5.2 (Insert), a photograph of part of a tent city in Pakistan. Using Fig. 5.2 only, describe two features of the area shown.

    Large/vast area of land/flat land/barren
    wood/wooden poles/wooden beds
    fabric/cloth/plastic sheets/tarpaulins
    low/small/single storey (homes/dwellings)
    densely populated/high density/close together (homes/dwellings)
    white/bright coloured (homes/dwellings)
    tracks/non-metalled roads
    little vegetation/few trees
    arid/dry/dusty/sandy ground
    land pollution/litter/waste/rubbish on ground
    clothes on roofs
    pylons/water tower/large building in distance

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 5(b)(ii)[2]

    State two reasons for the growth of tent cities in Pakistan.

    migration/rural-urban migration/growing population/overpopulation
    overcrowding/lack of land in cities
    demand for housing is higher than supply/there is a lack of housing
    difficult to keep pace with the large number of houses needed
    formal housing is unaffordable/poverty/unemployment
    tent homes are cheap to construct
    tent homes can be built quickly

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 5(b)(iii)[4]

    Describe four problems faced by many people living in tent cities.

    overcrowded/cramped/congested living conditions/lack of privacy
    noisy/noise pollution/not soundproof
    little protection from weather/sun/rain/wind/dust
    homes are poorly built/easily destroyed/leak/fall down/lack foundations
    homes catch fire/fires spread easily
    rubbish piles/lack of rubbish disposal/waste attracts vermin and flies/smells
    lack of security/possible wild animal attacks/high crime rates/difficult to police
    often unemployed/employed in low paid/informal jobs/unskilled jobs/poverty/poor
    can be evicted/land can be cleared/no rights of ownership
    disease can spread more easily
    food shortages/lack of food/malnutrition
    lack of sanitation examples; taps/kitchens/(running/piped) water/drains etc./have to travel to collect water/standing water attracts mosquitoes
    lack of infrastructure/utilities examples; metalled roads/toilets/sewerage disposal/internet/ telephone/no electricity supply/unable to have appliances, e.g., fridges/lights
    lack of services examples;

    doctors/healthcare/hospitals/schools/education/public transport, etc. 4 @ 1 mark

  • 5(c)[4]

    Explain two strategies which could be used to improve living conditions in existing tent cities in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

    build hospitals/health services; for vaccinations against disease
    build schools/education/self-help/resident training schemes; teach skills to improve housing/improve employment options/improve health
    clean/drinking water/water taps/wells/pipes/ water tanks installed; providing a supply of running water to each house/to reduce the chance of catching disease
    toilets/sewerage system installed; reducing the spread of infectious diseases or example
    gas/electricity provided; allowing people to heat and light their homes
    roads built; provides jobs in construction/allows people to access more employment/education opportunities
    streetlights installed; makes people feel safer and/or reduces crime
    building materials provided; to make the houses brick/more

    private/stable/better insulated

    rubbish collections: to clean up the area and reduce the vermin/spread of disease
    open spaces/parks created; provides space for

    recreation/play/sports/trees create shade

    loans/funding from government/NGOs; pay for education/allow them to get qualifications/ to make their houses more secure/safer
    government/NGOs build/provide affordable homes; which have running water/electricity provided

    Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point.1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development

    2 @ 2 marks

  • 5(d)[6]

    Read the following two views about approaches that could be taken to further develop Pakistan’s economy.

    A

    Reducing death rates and the spread of disease in Pakistan is the best way to develop the economy further.

    B

    Improving literacy rates and educational provision in Pakistan is the best way to develop the economy further.

    Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

    Levels marking

    No valid response

    0 Level 1

    1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)

    Simple points referring to any view (2)

    Level 2

    3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views (4)

    Level 3

    5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content Guide:

    agree with A because:

    less people will be ill so can go to work
    government won’t have to spend as much money on hospital care
    if infant mortality rate is reduced people will have fewer children, lowering the birth rate
    widespread vaccination programmes can reduce the spread of disease, therefore less burden on healthcare

    Etc.

    disagree with A because:

    reducing death rates will mean that there will be more dependents to support which places more burden on the government
    reducing death rates will lead to higher unemployment
    reducing death rates will put more pressure on healthcare facilities
    there are not enough doctors/vaccines to enable a lower death rate/reduce the spread of disease

    Etc.

    agree with B because:

    improved literacy rates and educational provision will lead to a more skilled workforce
    an educated and literate population can improve technology and innovate new ideas
    rise of entrepreneurs to develop businesses
    will attract investment from abroad

    Etc.

    disagree with B because:

    literacy rates tend to be higher in city areas so development will be patchy/uneven
    educational provision is limited and not everyone has access to schools/higher education
    some families do not send their children to school so this is difficult to achieve

    Etc.

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