Pakistan Studies · Oct / Nov 2020 · Paper 21 · Question 4

0448

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The question as text

Study Fig. 4.1, a pie graph showing the percentage share of Pakistan’s total forest cover by province-level area. 0% 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Key Balochistan Gilgit-Baltistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Punjab Sindh Fig. 4.1

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4(a)(i)[3]
Study Fig. 4.1, a pie graph showing the percentage share of Pakistan’s total forest cover by province-level area. Complete the pie graph in Fig. 4.1 to show the percentage of total forest cover found in Gilgit- Baltistan and Sindh. Use the information below and the key provided. 1 mark for accurate completion of line on pie chart (11%/9% or vice versa), 1 mark for Sindh correctly shaded, 1 mark for Gilgit-Baltistan
correctly shaded
3 @ 1mark
4(a)(ii)[3]
Complete the passage below about reasons for the variations in the percentage share of forest cover shown in Fig. 4.1. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.
KPK has the largest percentage share of forest cover in Pakistan because the climate is more suitable for growing trees. There are fewer trees in Punjab because the land is needed for cultivation. Some areas may have suffered more from deforestation than others.
3 @ 1 mark
4(b)(i)[3]
State three functions of forests in Pakistan.
provides shade/lowers temperature;
provides humus/fertilises soil;
prevent soil erosion/landslides;
reduces flooding/prevent silt/reduce surface runoff;
used for timber;
used for fuel wood/firewood/wood;
for making products e.g. furniture/boats/paper/trucks/bridges;
provide oxygen/reduce carbon dioxide/air pollution/purify air;
shelter for wildlife/habitat;
building houses;
for domestic use/cooking;
scenic beauty/recreation opportunities/tourism;
for medicinal purposes/in pharmaceutical industry;
provide moisture through evapotranspiration;
mangroves protect coastlines/provide breeding ground for fish;
provides food/fruit/nuts/herbs.
3 @ 1 mark
4(b)(ii)[2]
State one difference between productive forests and protection forests.
productive forests are mainly natural/high tree density/forest canopy is closed/great commercial value/mostly used for extraction of
timber/wood/firewood;
protection forests are mainly planted by people/man-made/often linear/along roads/railways/in parks/little commercial value/main function is to protect the soil/provide shade.
2 @ 1 mark
4(b)(iii)[4]
Study Fig. 4.2, a diagram showing how altitude affects vegetation type. Using Fig. 4.2 and your own knowledge, suggest how altitude affects the type and amount of vegetation in Pakistan.
fewer trees grow as altitude increases/more trees grow at lower altitudes;
more variety of trees/forests/grow at lower altitudes/named
examples/altitude affects temperature lower altitudes are warmer which results in a wider variety of trees/forests;
mangrove forests are along coastline/mouth of rivers/low altitude/sea level to 1000 m/irrigated/riverain/sub-tropical/tropical thorn;
high/mid-altitudes only have evergreen/coniferous/alpine trees/types of leaves described/sloping branches;
only coniferous grow 1000–4000 m;
altitude affects temperature/temperature decreases with height which results in stunted growth of trees at 4000 m and above/alpine forests;
4000–4500 m only alpine grow/highest forest is alpine/alpine found just below snow line;
no trees grow above the snowline/above 4500 m.
4 @ 1 mark
4(c)[4]
Explain two effects of deforestation on the natural environment of Pakistan. You should develop your answer.
exposure of soil (1); leads to soil erosion by wind or water (dev);
no roots to slow down infiltration (1); leads to flooding (dev);
habitat loss/less shade for animals (1); leads to extinction of
animals/species (dev);
breaks down the food chain (1) leads to extinction (dev);
more CO2 in the atmosphere/more pollution in the air (1); increased global warming/climate change/increased temperatures/because trees act as filters/trees absorb pollutants (dev);
increased surface runoff (1); due to lack of roots to slow down movement of water/which could lead to flooding (dev);
amount of rainfall is decreased/water cycle disrupted (1); due to less evapotranspiration (dev).
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development.
Note: Possible opportunity to allow a further mark or marks for additional development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2marks
4(d)[6]
The United Nations environment programme supports Pakistan’s initiatives with forest owners, the timber industry and forest-
dependent communities to keep its forests alive and healthy by controlling deforestation and degradation.
To what extent can initiatives on forests encourage further sustainable development in Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.
Levels marking
No valid response 0
Level 1
1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)
Level 2
3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)
Level 3
5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:
Forest initiatives can encourage further sustainable development
there is a financial incentive for the government/country to protect their forests and reduce deforestation;
it is an international initiative so likely to be implemented and monitored effectively;
specific criteria clearly identified for governments/countries to adopt;
examples of sustainable management strategies for implementation e.g. plant a tree for everyone cut down;
use of LPG/CNG or other fuels will lead to less deforestation;
education about the importance of trees and sustainable development of forests;
local landowners given a financial incentive to plant trees rather than other uses/named examples;
encourage eco-tourism;
Etc.
Ideas against
individual landowners will still deforest areas if they need the land for other purposes or examples of what land is needed for;
it is not clear how much will be paid to the government/country for their co-operation;
the financial incentives may not be lucrative enough compared to the financial benefits of deforestation;
long term project/investment as takes time for trees to grow;
resistance to education about the importance of trees in some tribal areas;
political/government changes can alter forest laws;
initiatives may be mismanaged;
illegal cutting of trees/cutting cannot be controlled;
Etc.
Named examples could include: The Tarbela/Mangla Watershed
Management Project/Rachna Doab Afforestation Project/Billion Trees project/Agha Khan Rural Support Programme etc.

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