Pakistan Studies · Oct / Nov 2020 · Paper 21 · Question 5
0448
As printed in the paper
Show the answer and mark scheme
5(a)(i)[1]
Define the term ‘migration’.
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another/leave own country and settle in another/moving in and out of an area.
1 @ 1 mark
5(a)(ii)[4]
Suggest four push factors that lead to rural-urban migration.
drought so crops die/lack of water for people/crops/livestock;natural disasters/earthquakes;not enough land to divide between heirs due to large families;insufficient food grown/pest attack/leads to hunger/illness;overgrazing by livestock leads to soil degradation/erosion/flooding;high unemployment rate/low paid jobs/no or lack of jobs/few high salaried jobs/work for family;lack of services e.g. schools/shops;lack of hospitals/medical facilities;lack of infrastructure e.g. metalled roads/electricity supply;floods destroy homes/fields/livelihoods;no/limited irrigation due to lack of electricity e.g. tubewell;no/limited recreational facilities or examples;mechanisation in farming;4 @ 1 mark
5(a)(iii)[3]
Describe the impacts of rural-urban migration on rural areas of Pakistan.
Negative impacts:
rural de-population/low population/fewer people left behind;reduced workforce/people available to work on farms;reduced production;more women/children/older people/dependent population left behind/imbalance in population;feeling isolated/families are separated;fewer people discourages investment/development in rural areas;children are needed to work on the farm so cannot go to school;falling birth rate;families work harder to make up for the people who have left. Positive impacts:send money back and so improve quality of life in rural area;more availability of food/electricity etc;more jobs available as people have moved out/less unemployment. 3 @ 1 mark5(b)(i)[3]
Study Fig. 5.1, a map showing the distribution of urban population in Pakistan in 2018. Using Fig. 5.1 only, describe the distribution of urban population in Pakistan.
uneven distribution;most/high population is distributed in the north-east/east;least/low population is in the south-west/west/far north;two locations have 5+ million: south and north-west;linear distribution north-west to south-east;most frequent distribution is 50 000 to 99 999;one area of 5+ million along Arabian Sea/very few along coastline/ Arabian sea/most are inland;two areas of 0.5–0.99 million on the disputed boundary;only one area of 0.1–0.49 million in the south-west;only one area of 0.5–0.99 million in centre-west/west;reference to scale and correct number identified from key.3 @ 1 mark
5(b)(ii)[1]
Study Fig. 5.2, a bar graph showing the percentage of the population living in urban centres by province in 2018. Complete Fig. 5.2 by drawing the bar for Sindh using the information below.
Accurate completion of bar at 52%
1 @ 1 mark
5(b)(iii)[1]
Using Fig. 5.2 only, list the provinces in rank order by their percentage of population living in urban centres.
highest-lowest: Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) 1 @ 1 mark
5(b)(iv)[2]
State two problems which occur when large numbers of people live in urban areas.
pressure/burden on school places;pressure/burden on healthcare services;pressure/burden on transport/traffic congestion;pressure/burden on sanitation/need more sanitation;housing shortage/shanty town development/homelessness;unemployment/not enough jobs/growth of informal economy;environmental degradation/more noise/air/water/land pollution;more waste generated/rubbish tips/rubbish in streets;increased load shedding/shortage of electricity;increased crime/theft.2 @ 1 mark
5(c)[4]
Explain two physical factors that affect the population distribution of Pakistan. You should develop your answer.
topography/landscape/relief (1); e.g. flat land/plain area - more people able to settle there/build houses (dev);climate (1); e.g. no extremes of temperature or rainfall - more people live there (dev);soil fertility (1); e.g. rich fertile soil so able to grow crops and feed the population - so more people live there (dev);availability of natural resources raw materials or named examples (1); provides employment opportunities/settlements grow up around resources - more people live there (dev);availability of water (1) near to rivers/lakes/fresh water/water a necessity for life/irrigation - more people live there (dev);natural routes (1) e.g. gaps through mountains/confluence of valleys/natural harbours provides transport opportunities between countries/inaccessible areas - more people live there (dev);proximity to coast/beach/mountains/forests (1) for fishingopportunities/development of tourism/mountaineering/recreation -more people live there (dev);
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2marks
5(d)[6]
Read the following two views about the impact of migration on Pakistan’s future economic development.
A: The emigration of working-age people from Pakistan will encourage further economic development.
B: The immigration of skilled and professional people to Pakistan will encourage further economic development.
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.
Levels marking
No valid response 0
Level 1
1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)
Level 2
3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)
Level 3
5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)
Content Guide
Answers are likely to refer to:
Agree with View A more
Pakistan has a large population so encouraging people to move abroad will alleviate the burden of unemployment/encourage development;people who migrate will send remittances home which will improve household income/quality of life and increase revenue in Pakistan through domestic spending and investment in health/education;people may move abroad and gain training and expertise then return to Pakistan and help to develop the country by sharing skills/educating others/generating high income;less money has to be spent on training and/or benefits in Pakistan saving the balance of payments;people may diversify with this income/build wealth/invest in assets;reduced labour supply can lead to increased wages in local labour markets;increased demand for local goods/services from increased remittances; Etc.Agree with View A less
people who move abroad tend to be young economically active males; which changes the population composition and may leave a gap/skills shortage in Pakistan for filling certain jobs;loss of labour may lead to reduced production in agricultural/cottage industries;young and elderly dependants need the economically active to work in Pakistan to contribute towards GDP and balance of payments;encouraging the economically active to migrate creates more problems than it solves;Etc.
Agree with View B more
Pakistan has a lack of skilled and professional people which may hold back further economic development;skilled and professional people can teach/educate/train the people in Pakistan;skilled and professional people can set up businesses and create further employment opportunities;Etc.
Agree with View B less
it may lead to further unemployment of Pakistani people as foreigners will take the jobs that are available;Pakistani people may be put off from training and education if this does not lead to secure employment;foreign workers will send remittances to their home country which will not benefit Pakistan economically;Etc.
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