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Pakistan Studies · Oct / Nov 2020 · Paper 21 · Question 2

0448

As printed in the paper

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  • 2(a)(i)[2]

    Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a map showing the location of New Islamabad International Airport in Islamabad-Rawalpindi. Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the location of New Islamabad International Airport.

    direction from named feature e.g. motorway/industrial area;
    distance from named feature;
    in rural area/on outskirts of built up area/edge of urban area/

    Islamabad/Rawalpindi;

    south-west/west from centre of Islamabad/Rawalpindi/urban/built up/residential area;
    connects to Kashmir Highway;
    direction from named city e.g. north of Lahore/south of Peshawar. 2 @ 1 mark

  • 2(a)(ii)[3]

    Describe three factors that encourage the location and development of airports in Pakistan.

    availability of flat/wide/open land/plain (needed for runways/for building);
    near to/in large cities/areas of large population (for employees/ customers/trade);
    near to industry (to encourage international trade/business);
    need for faster/efficient transport for cargo (especially for perishable goods or named examples);
    air routes to areas (like Gilgit and Skardu) makes otherwise

    inaccessible areas more accessible;

    rise in living standards/more disposable income (has led to more people using air transport);
    government policies/funding (to encourage growth of air transport or examples);
    security (to encourage international investment/so tourists feel safe);
    increased tourism;
    links to (other infrastructure) roads and railways;

    Note: Max 1 for list, some relevant description must be provided

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 2(a)(iii)[4]

    Suggest two disadvantages of air transport for people and two disadvantages of air transport for the movement of goods.

    people:

    expensive tickets/cannot afford to pay/compared with other transport;
    limited luggage allowance/items allowed onboard are restricted;
    not a door to door service – money spent to transfer to/from airport;
    limited number of flights per day compared with trains/buses;
    luggage can be lost/damaged;
    flights cancelled/delayed/late due to bad weather;
    likely increased taxes for people (long term investment with little benefit for many people)/cost of maintaining airports is expensive;
    noise pollution near to runways/airports;
    air pollution near to runways/airports

    goods:

    expensive to transport goods internally and internationally;
    difficult to transport bulky goods/can only transport small or perishable goods;
    fragile goods damaged when loading/unloading or due to turbulence;
    not all cities/locations have an airport within Pakistan so some areas cannot be reached;
    not a door to door service – money spent to transfer to/from airport;
    limited number of flights per day compared with trains/buses;
    flights cancelled/delayed/late due to bad weather.

    Note: Max 1 for list, some relevant description must be provided 4 @ 1 mark

  • 2(b)(i)[3]

    Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), a photograph of a seaport in Pakistan. Using Fig. 2.2 only, describe the features of the seaport shown.

    next to/near to the sea;
    a large area of flat land/lot of space;
    cranes/machinery;
    containers/girders;
    (large) ship(s)/tugs;
    wharf/dock/piers;
    deep water/sheltered;
    tower/watch tower/flood lights;
    railway line;
    lorries/trucks;
    refinery/round containers
    portacabins/flat roofed buildings/temporary buildings.

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 2(b)(ii)[3]

    Name three main seaports in Pakistan.

    Karachi/Keamari,
    Qasim/Mohammed Bin Qasim
    Gwadar

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 2(c)[4]

    Explain the importance of the development of seaports to Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

    makes use of deep water/sheltered harbours (1); to facilitate container ships/large ships/cruise ships (dev);
    improves the national economy (1); makes use of the long coastline in the south of the country (dev);
    provides economic opportunities (1); especially for the largest province of Balochistan (dev);
    provides opportunities for international links/trade (1); other countries can import/export through the ports of Pakistan/named examples e.g. Afghanistan/China/Middle East countries (dev);
    Pakistan can export goods abroad (1); bulky goods can be moved relatively cheaply e.g. minerals/earns foreign exchange (dev);
    provides employment opportunities (1); in areas usually reliant on traditional activities or named examples e.g. fishing (dev);
    seaports handle most international trade (1); increasing trade (dev);
    infrastructure development like roads/railways near the sea (1) boosts the local economy/allows nearby area to be developed and modernised (dev);
    increase trade (1); so can pay off debts (dev);
    increased transportation of goods (1); boosts the economy (dev);
    increase GDP (1); through more exports (dev);
    links to other countries (named examples) (1); so improves

    trade/relations (dev);

    to develop tourism (1); to facilitate cruise ships etc. (dev);
    encourage industrialisation (1); to provide employment (dev). Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development.

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

    2 @ 2 marks

  • 2(d)[6]

    The New Islamabad International Airport opened in 2018 with a capacity of nine million passengers per year expanding to 25 million passengers per year by 2025.

    Evaluate whether building major new infrastructure projects such as international airports is the best way to encourage further economic development in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

    Levels marking

    No valid response 0

    Level 1

    1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)

    Simple points referring to any view (2)

    Level 2

    3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3)

    Developed points referring to both views (4)

    Level 3

    5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content Guide

    Answers are likely to refer to:

    Building new infrastructure projects

    modern state of the art airports may encourage/old airports may deter people from travelling;
    encourages international trade/named examples; growth of tourism;
    old airport still put to good use/aid the military;
    provides employment opportunities both nationally/internationally;
    increases national income/investment in services and facilities for local population or named examples; increases number of international routes available;
    other examples such as railways/motorways/highways can be credited as appropriate;

    Etc.

    Ideas against

    long term investment so returns will not be immediate;
    cost a lot to build/may increase debt;
    would have been more cost effective to improve the old airport rather than build a new one;
    other international airports in Pakistan may lose business so overall business is not increased; tourism may still not increase;
    other infrastructure needs to be improved to support further economic development e.g. electricity supply (or other named examples);
    development of smaller projects may be more beneficial e.g. in rural areas with raw materials available;
    other examples such as railways/motorways/highways can be credited as appropriate;

    Etc.

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