Pakistan Studies · May / June 2020 · Paper 21 · Question 3

Cable;

Cage;

Coal seams;

Winch.

4 @ 1 mark

130 (allow tolerance of between 120 and 140)

1 @ 1 mark

Shaft mining

1 @ 1 mark

Type

Anthracite;

Bituminous/steam coal;

Bituminous/coking coal;

Lignite.

Characteristics

Anthracite – best quality coal/hardest with highest hydrocarbon content/ burns quietly with good heat;

Bituminous/steam coal – superior black, hard coal. Burns readily with great heat/less hydrocarbon content than anthracite;

Bituminous/coking coal – coking coal is burnt to produce coke/a hard grey porous material/used in blast furnaces for the extraction of iron from iron ore;

Lignite – lower quality coal/high moisture and ash content/low heating value. 1 @ 1 mark + 1 @ 1 mark 1 @ 1 mark + 1 @ 1 mark

Ideas such as:

Industrial processes or example e.g. cement or brick manufacturing/ electricity generation/domestic heating; etc.

1 @ 1 mark

Ideas such as:

Uses the force of flowing water to spin the turbines;

The turbine in turn causes the shaft to spin rapidly inside a magnetic field in the generator;

The generator creates electricity;

The electric current is regulated by the transformer;

Electricity is sent through the power line to where it is needed; etc. 4 @ 1 mark

Ideas such as:

Water is a renewable resource; (will not run out/can be used over again); HEP is referred to as white coal; (because it doesn’t have to burn anything/ is environmentally friendly);

Can be developed in highland areas; (where there are steep slopes and adequate supply of rainfall/very little else can be developed in these areas); Once HEP stations have been set up running costs are low; (saving money in the long term); etc.

Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses).

Note: Max 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

Levels marking

Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Simple point referring to one view (1)

Simple points referring to any view (2)

Level 2 (3–4 marks)

Developed point referring to one view (3)

Developed points referring to both views (4)

Level 3 (5–6 marks)

Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

Content Guide

Answers are likely to refer to:

A: Continue to make use of its fossil fuels

Agree because:

Already have power stations set up to use coal/oil/gas;

Uses existing skills and technology;

Cheaper than setting up alternatives from scratch;

Do not have know-how to set up alternatives;

Alternatives (or named examples) are not 100% reliable all of the time; etc B: Prepare for the future and further develop its renewable energy resources Agree because:

Environmentally friendly;

Once set up running costs are low;

No air pollution;

Creates employment opportunities;

More sustainable;

Pakistan has a lot of sunshine – good for solar power;

Remote rural areas can use solar power; etc

Note: Reverse arguments are also acceptable e.g. against A or B but the same point cannot receive double credit.