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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2026 · Paper 11 · Question 4

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 4(a)[4]

    Describe the outcomes of the Simla Agreement of 1972.

    Target: AO1

    One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail. Indicative content

    Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1) signed the Simla Agreement with Indira Gandhi (1)
    she agreed to return 93000 (1) prisoners of war (1) in a return for a promise from Pakistan that Kashmir would be discussed directly with India (1) and not with others e.g. United Nations. (1)
    it established the Line of Control (LOC) (1)
    it increased Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s popularity in Pakistan (1), his

    international reputation was enhanced (1) and he did not give up the claim that Pakistan spoke for Kashmir (1)

    Other relevant responses should also be credited.

  • 4(b)[7]

    Explain how languages have contributed to the cultural development of Pakistan since 1947.

    Target AO1, AO2

    Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1.

    Indicative content

    Pakistan’s population speak many different languages
    Pakistan has a rich linguistic past
    there is literary excellence in the famous poets and writers in all the languages of Pakistan
    Pakistan wanted to promote higher education in the native language of the students
    Urdu was chosen as the national language

    Other relevant responses should also be credited.

    Level of response, Table 1: used to mark the part (c) question in Section A and part (b) questions in Section B

    Target: Demonstrates knowledge and understanding of the past through historical explanation (AO1, AO2)

    Level 3 (5–7 marks): Explanation

    one explanation [5]
    two explanations or one developed explanation [6]
    additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) [7]

    Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge

    Level 2 (2–4 marks): Identification/ description

    Identifies and/or describes using relevant and accurate contextual knowledge (1 mark per identification/ description)

    Level 1 (1 mark): General answer

    Valid general comment lacking specific knowledge

    Level 0 (0 marks): No creditable response

  • 4(c)[14]

    ‘Pakistan’s foreign policy between 1977 and 1988 was effective.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

    Target: AO1, AO2

    Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2.

    Indicative content

    may agree that Pakistan’s foreign policy was effective between 1977 and 1988:

    in 1979 gained support from the West against Russia’s conflict with Afghanistan
    USA gave Pakistan $3.2 billion to help refugees from Afghanistan
    there were negotiations with Bangladesh including tourism, culture and trade
    the ‘cricket diplomacy’ meeting between India and Pakistan in 1987
    the Karakoram Highway opened between Pakistan and China
    in 1987 China and Pakistan signed a treaty concerning nuclear power counter-arguments might include:
    by supplying Afghans with arms Pakistan became a target of Russia
    Russia disliked Pakistan’s opposition to its Afghan invasion
    Zia-ul-Haq was not welcomed by Soviet leaders at Andropov’s funeral in Moscow in 1984
    relations deteriorated with India e.g. the Siachen Glacier, Indian military exercises in Rajasthan Desert in 1987
    throughout the 1980s, Iran was cautious of Pakistan’s historical links with the Shah and the USA

    Other relevant responses should also be credited.

    Level of response, Table 2: used to mark the part (c) questions in Section B

    Target: Demonstrates knowledge and understanding of the past through historical explanation and an ability to analyse and evaluate historical events (AO1, AO2)

    Level 5 (13–14 marks): Explanation with evaluation/ judgement

    explanation at the top of Level 4 with an evaluation/ judgement supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge [13]
    explanation at the top of Level 4 with a developed evaluation/ judgement supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge [14]

    Level 4 (10–12 marks): Explanation of both sides of the issue

    one explanation of each side of the issue [10]
    two explanations or one developed explanation of one-side of the issue and an explanation of the other side of the issue [11]
    additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) from either side of the issue [12]

    Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge

    Level 3 (7–9 marks): Explanation of one-side of the issue

    one explanation [7]
    two explanations or one developed explanation [8]
    additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) [9]

    Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge

    Level 2 (3–6 marks): Identification/ description of the issue

    Identifies and/or describes the issue using relevant and accurate contextual knowledge (1 mark per identification/ description)

    Level 1 (1–2 marks): General answer

    Valid general comment(s) lacking specific subject knowledge (1 mark per general comment)

    Level 0 (0 marks): No creditable response

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