Pakistan Studies · May / June 2026 · Paper 11 · Question 3
0448
As printed in the paper
Show the answer and mark scheme
3(a)[4]
Describe the outcomes of the 1937 elections.
Target: AO1
One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail. Indicative content
Congress won most of the seats availableCongress won absolute majorities in 5 provinces (1) and were the largest single party in 4 others (1)Congress won 711 seats (1) out of 1585 (1)Congress formed ministries in 8 provincesit was a great disappointment for the Muslim communityMuslims won only 109 seats out of 482 (1) that were reserved for them (1)Muslims won only 1 seat (1) in the Punjab (1) out of 86 (1)the Muslim League realised it had to improve their organisation, image and planningthey identified that their support lay in areas where Muslims were in a minoritythe election showed that Muslims needed to be prepared next time Other relevant responses should also be credited.3(b)[7]
Explain why the Muslim community objected to Congress rule between 1937 and 1939.
Target AO1, AO2
Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1.
Indicative content
measures introduced which threatened Muslim culture and identityHindi was enforced as the official languageattacks were carried out on mosquesthe singing of Vande Mataram, a Hindu song was made compulsory before the start of official business every daythe Wardha Scheme introduced teaching in Hindi in schools and expected all students to bow before Gandhi’s pictureCongress Rule was disliked due to the oppression of the Muslim communityOther relevant responses should also be credited.
Level of response, Table 1: used to mark the part (c) question in Section A and part (b) questions in Section B
Target: Demonstrates knowledge and understanding of the past through historical explanation (AO1, AO2)
Level 3 (5–7 marks): Explanation
one explanation [5]two explanations or one developed explanation [6]additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) [7]Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
Level 2 (2–4 marks): Identification/ description
Identifies and/or describes using relevant and accurate contextual knowledge (1 mark per identification/ description)
Level 1 (1 mark): General answer
Valid general comment lacking specific knowledge
Level 0 (0 marks): No creditable response
3(c)[14]
To what extent were the challenges faced by the new state of Pakistan overcome between 1947 and 1959? Explain your answer.
Target: AO1, AO2
Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2.
Indicative content
may agree that the challenges faced by the new state of Pakistan were overcome between 1947 and 1959:
Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund created to help refugees through an appeal to the people for helpQuaid-e-Azam toured the provinces encouraging and motivating the people. He declared himself ‘Protector-General’ of religious minoritiesUrdu was established as the national languagethe Civil Services were re-organisedLiaquat Ali Khan met with the Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru and signed the Liaquat-Nehru Pact in 1950in July 1948 the new State Bank of Pakistan was set upthe new Pakistan Civil Service took control of the assets due to themPakistan took command of its own Armed Forces by the end of 1947in January 1951 the British Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan army, was replaced by General Ayub KhanKarachi was made the capital of PakistanPakistan joined the United Nations and raised the issue of Kashmirthere was a temporary solution to the Canal Water Dispute in 1948 with Indiacounter-arguments might include:
the Kashmir and other Princely States issues are unresolvedthe Canal Water Dispute only fully resolved by the Indus Water Treaty of 1960nearly 20 million people were homelessaround one million people died following the events of partitionQuaid-e-Azam died in 1948only 200 million rupees were received at first instead of 750 million under the final settlementthere was a shortage of qualified and experienced army officers as the British had favoured Hindusmuch of the military assets awarded were obsolete or out of order Other relevant responses should also be credited.Level of response, Table 2: used to mark the part (c) questions in Section B
Target: Demonstrates knowledge and understanding of the past through historical explanation and an ability to analyse and evaluate historical events (AO1, AO2)
Level 5 (13–14 marks): Explanation with evaluation/ judgement
explanation at the top of Level 4 with an evaluation/ judgement supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge [13]explanation at the top of Level 4 with a developed evaluation/ judgement supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge [14]Level 4 (10–12 marks): Explanation of both sides of the issue
one explanation of each side of the issue [10]two explanations or one developed explanation of one-side of the issue and an explanation of the other side of the issue [11]additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) from either side of the issue [12]Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
Level 3 (7–9 marks): Explanation of one-side of the issue
one explanation [7]two explanations or one developed explanation [8]additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) [9]Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
Level 2 (3–6 marks): Identification/ description of the issue
Identifies and/or describes the issue using relevant and accurate contextual knowledge (1 mark per identification/ description)
Level 1 (1–2 marks): General answer
Valid general comment(s) lacking specific subject knowledge (1 mark per general comment)
Level 0 (0 marks): No creditable response
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