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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2025 · Paper 11 · Question 5

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 5(a)[4]

    Describe the main features of the Eighth Amendment.

    Target: AO1

    One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail. Indicative content

    the Eighth Amendment confirmed all previous acts of martial law period (1) with no right of appeal (1)
    the President could appoint the Prime Minister (1), Governors of Provinces (1) supreme/high court judges (1) and armed force chiefs (1)
    the President could dismiss the Prime Minister (1) and National Assembly (1)

    Other relevant responses should also be credited.

  • 5(b)[7]

    Explain why Pakistan and China formed successful relations in the 1960s and 1970s.

    Target: AO1, AO2

    Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1.

    Indicative content

    a border dispute between China and India in 1962 led to friendly relations between China and Pakistan
    a trade agreement was signed between China and Pakistan in 1963
    China gave Pakistan a $60 million loan
    China became the largest purchaser of Pakistan cotton
    in 1972 Bhutto visited China
    China agreed to supply military aircraft and tanks to Pakistan
    the Karakoram Highway opened in 1978 between China and Pakistan Other relevant responses should also be credited.

    Level of response, Table 1: used to mark the part (c) question in Section A and part (b) questions in Section B

    Target: Demonstrates knowledge and understanding of the past through historical explanation (AO1, AO2)

    Level 3 (5–7 marks): Explanation

    one explanation [5]
    two explanations or one developed explanation [6]
    additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) [7]

    Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge

    Level 2 (2–4 marks): Identification/description

    Identifies and/or describes using relevant and accurate contextual knowledge (1 mark per identification/description)

    Level 1 (1 mark): General answer

    Valid general comment lacking specific knowledge

    Level 0 (0 marks): No creditable response

  • 5(c)[14]

    To what extent were Muhammad Ayub Khan’s economic reforms the most successful of his domestic policies between 1958 and 1969? Explain your answer.

    Target: AO1, AO2

    Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2.

    Indicative content

    May agree that Muhammad Ayub Khan‘s economic reforms were the most successful of his domestic policies between 1958 and 1969:

    an oil refinery was established in Karachi
    a Mineral Development Corporation was set up
    the Export Bonus scheme set up
    dams built to help irrigation
    farmers accessed irrigation loans
    crop outputs were at record levels
    increased mechanisation of farms/the Green Revolution
    factory owners were required to provide accommodation for workers at a reasonable rent
    economic growth and productivity increased
    employment increased and unemployment decreased

    counter-arguments might include:

    there was a new constitution in 1962
    a new school curriculum was introduced promoting literacy
    housing programme for refugees
    university degrees made into three year courses
    the Family Planning Programme was set up
    medical/nursing schools set up to increase the number of trained staff
    new capital city built
    food prices increased
    increases in agricultural productivity were limited to large landowners
    there was some discontent as the benefits of economic development did not always reach the people

    Other relevant responses should also be credited.

    Level of response, Table 2: used to mark the part (c) questions in Section B

    Target: Demonstrates knowledge and understanding of the past through historical explanation and an ability to analyse and evaluate historical events (AO1, AO2)

    Level 5 (13–14 marks): Explanation with evaluation/judgement

    explanation at the top of Level 4 with an evaluation/judgement supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge [13]
    explanation at the top of Level 4 with a developed evaluation/judgement supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge [14]

    Level 4 (10–12 marks): Explanation of both sides of the issue

    one explanation of each side of the issue [10]
    two explanations or one developed explanation of one-side of the issue and an explanation of the other side of the issue [11]
    additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) from either side of the issue [12]

    Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge

    Level 3 (7–9 marks): Explanation of one-side of the issue

    one explanation [7]
    two explanations or one developed explanation [8]
    additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) [9]

    Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge

    Level 2 (3–6 marks): Identification/description of the issue

    Identifies and/or describes the issue using relevant and accurate contextual knowledge (1 mark per identification/description)

    Level 1 (1–2 marks): General answer

    Valid general comment(s) lacking specific subject knowledge (1 mark per general comment)

    Level 0 (0 marks): No creditable response

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