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Pakistan Studies · May / June 2022 · Paper 21 · Question 1

0448

As printed in the paper

Show the answer and mark scheme

  • 1(a)(i)[2]

    Study Fig. 1.1, a map of southern and western Pakistan.

    Name landform U and city V shown in Fig. 1.1.

    U = Safed Koh/Spin Ghar/Waziristan Hills

    V = Karachi

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 1(a)(ii)[2]

    Suggest two reasons why it may be difficult to develop a large airport on the Balochistan Plateau.

    hilly/mountainous
    uneven land topography/rough/rugged/rocky
    desert/sandy/lack of water/hot/dry/arid/barren
    sparsely populated/low population/far from large settlements
    lack of labour/workers
    lack of customers/lack of demand
    local resistance
    remote/difficult to access/few roads/no roads
    partial/poor/no electricity/power supply
    partial/poor/no communications/phone/internet
    expensive/not cost effective to build

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 1(a)(iii)[3]

    Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a map showing the location of the airport in Peshawar.

    Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe the location of the airport.

    outskirts of the commercial area/central part/middle of the city
    in the middle of/surrounded by/nearby to residential areas
    in-between two rivers
    in-between two canals
    accessed by/on/named roads, e.g., along Jamrud Road
    in-between Khyber and Jamrud roads
    in-between Khyber Road and the railway
    railway passes/goes around the airport
    accurate direction from any named feature on the map

    e.g. E of Palosai Khwar River

    S–W of Shahi Park

    S of Khyber Road

    accurate distance from any named feature on the map

    Kacha Gorhi 6–8 km

    Industrial area 3–6 km

    Hayatabad 4–6 km

    River Palosai Khwar 2–5 km

    River Bara 2–6 km

    University 500m–3.5 km

    Saddar/main commercial area 250 m–3.5 km

    Administrative area 1 km–3 km

    Parks and open space 3 km–6 km

    Shahi Park 4.5–6.5 km

    Note: Max. 1 mark for accurate direction from named feature/location. Max. 1 mark for distance from named feature/location.

    3 @ 1 mark

  • 1(a)(iv)[2]

    State two improvements that have recently taken place in air

    communications in Pakistan.

    new/more international airports/terminals (e.g.Islamabad/Sialkot)
    new/more routes (both internal and external)
    more frequent flights
    budget airlines/more airlines
    new/more runways/fog-lights (on runways)
    new/modern (control) towers
    improved flight technology examples; fuel efficient planes/‘fly by wire’ technology, radio communications, signals to the tower, modern navigation systems/GPS/satellites
    improved airport efficiency examples; moving walkways, escalators, baggage carousels, air bridges, ticketing/reservation/booking

    systems/online tickets/self/online check-in

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 1(b)(i)[2]

    Describe two features of large-scale industry.

    requires a large area of land
    in factories/warehouses/large storage facilities
    capital intensive/large investment
    convert raw materials into (manufactured) goods
    uses automation/machinery/modern technology
    meets international standards/standardised goods/quality controlled
    mass production/high output/in bulk/economies of scale
    high(er) output per worker/employee
    can be a multi-national company
    large number of employees/100+
    registered/formal industry/regular wages/ contribute to taxes
    health & safety/regulations

    2 @ 1 mark

  • 1(b)(ii)[4]

    Using Fig. 1.2 (Insert) and your own knowledge, suggest two advantages of locating a new large-scale industry at W.

    in large settlement/city; nearby source of workers/utilities example electricity/water
    river/canal nearby; for a constant water supply
    in residential area; will offer employment opportunities to local people/not far for workers to travel
    close to industrial area; for links to similar industries/agglomeration/links to suppliers/to save transport costs
    close to commercial area; for banking/retail/customers/marketing or promotion
    close to university; for high skilled labour/for links to research/which will be attractive for investors
    close to rail/roads/canal/river/airport; for imports/exports/to take heavy goods to ports/to take perishable goods by air/for senior staff to travel to meetings
    close to parks; good living area attracts high skilled workers

    Note: 2 marks for locating a relevant feature on Fig. 1.2, 2 marks for suggested advantages linked to Fig. 1.2.

    Note: credit for suggested advantages can be given without location. 2 @ 2 marks

  • 1(c)[4]

    Explain how large-scale industries can increase economic development in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.

    provides jobs/employment/reduces unemployment; provides a regular income for families/higher wages/more people earning/paying taxes
    agglomeration/multiplier effect/encourage further growth/improve the area; e.g. steel production provides materials for other industries/attracts new investment
    more output/goods will be produced; which means Pakistan has more to trade/export/sell/can reduce imports
    produce high value/manufactured goods; which have demand in other countries/can increase foreign exchange/can improve the balance of payments
    increase in/large amount of exports; reduces need for imports/which will improve the balance of trade/increase GDP
    will provide training and skills; trained workforce will have transferable skills/generate more employment opportunities
    will require new roads/reliable power supply; this will benefit other local industries as they can use them too
    standardised products; meets international standards for improved trade/more trading partners

    Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of the second point.

    Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

    2 @ 2 marks

  • 1(d)[6]

    The development of international transport links can help to promote further economic growth in Pakistan. Read the following two views: A

    Building new international airports in Pakistan has the most potential to increase trade and development.

    B

    Improving existing international seaports in Pakistan has the most potential to increase trade and development.

    Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer.

    Levels marking

    No valid response

    0 Level 1

    1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1)

    Simple points referring to any view (2)

    Level 2

    3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3)

    Developed points referring to both views (4)

    Level 3

    5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5)

    Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6)

    Content Guide

    agree with view A:

    Building new international airports has the most potential to increase trade and development because:

    more employment opportunities can be provided/named examples of types of jobs
    employees can be trained/skilled workforce
    airports meeting international standards will increase the number of visitors/tourists
    provides more business opportunities/entrepreneurs will set up there
    enables companies/businesses/individuals to travel so no need to go far for international flights
    will attract multi-national companies to locate in Pakistan/have branch companies or offices
    more businesses will be attracted/more people will want to visit
    able to import/export goods more quickly compared to overland or seaports

    Etc.

    disagree with view A:

    Building new international airports does not have the most potential to increase trade and development because:

    only light-weight goods can be transported cheaply by air so the trade gains will be fewer as it won’t benefit many of Pakistan’s main export goods
    most likely that multi-national companies will be attracted and profits will leak out of Pakistan
    managerial jobs may be outsourced
    cost of improving/building international airports is high and could outweigh any financial gains

    Etc.

    agree with view B:

    Improving existing international seaports in Pakistan has the most potential to increase trade and development:

    the infrastructure is already built so will cost less to improve seaports than building airports
    ships can carry heavy goods much more cheaply than planes so more goods can be exported
    more people are taking cruises for holidays so Pakistan could become a destination for more cruises
    Pakistan could be an international trade hub

    Etc.

    disagree with view B:

    Improving existing international seaports in Pakistan does not have the most potential to increase trade and development:

    the ports are already developed but motorways and railways connecting to the ports would need to be further improved which is

    expensive/complex

    there is a lack of space to develop the seaports further so it will cost more/isn’t feasible to expand
    focusing on developing services/quaternary industries rather than manufacturing would help increase GDP more, so seaports are less needed

    Etc.

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