Biology · May / June 2026 · Paper 42 · Question 5

any six from:

1

ref to osmosis ;

2

water moves across a partially / AW, permeable membrane ; 3

concentration of salt solution in A is lower than in B ; ora

4

water moved into cells in A ;

5

volume of, vacuole / cell sap / cytoplasm, increased in A ;

6

(lighter colour) because the vacuole / cell sap / cytoplasm takes up more space / is less concentrated / AW ; ora

7

because (salt) solution A has a higher water potential than cells / (salt) solution A is hypotonic (compared with cells) / (salt) solution A has a lower concentration (of salt) than in the cells ; ora in solution A:

8

cell, membrane / contents / sap / water / cytoplasm, pushes on cell wall OR turgor pressure, has increased / is high ;

9

cell wall prevents cells from bursting / AW ;

in solution B:

10 cell membrane / cytoplasm, comes away from the cell wall / turgor pressure has decreased ;

any three from:

1

produce (new) cells ;

2

(for) growth / increase in length (of root) ;

3

repair of (damaged) tissues ;

4

replacement of cells ;

5

asexual reproduction ;

to produce, unspecialised / genetically identical / undifferentiated, cells OR to produce / form, (daughter) cells that (can then become) specialise / named specialised cell in a root ;

chlorophyll ;

any three from:

1

by active transport ;

2

(mineral ions absorbed) across / through, a cell membrane ; 3

into root hair (cells) ;

4

(mineral ions absorbed by active transport) from a low(er) concentration to high(er) concentration OR against the concentration gradient ;

5

(active transport uses) energy (from respiration) / ATP ;

6

(active transport uses) protein,

carriers / pumps / channels / molecules, (in the cell membrane) ; 7

diffusion (of mineral ions) if they are in a higher concentration, outside cells / in soil ;