Biology · May / June 2023 · Paper 41 · Question 3

produce / secrete, mucus ;

traps / catches / AW, pathogens / bacteria / particulates / AW ; AVP ; e.g., water in mucus moistens surface in, nose / airways

any two from:

ciliated / has cilia / has hair-like cilia ;

move / sweep / waft / AW, mucus (with pathogens / AW) ;

AVP ;

bronchi / bronchioles / AVP ;

feature

action

diaphragm

contracts / lowers / flattens ; external intercostal muscles contract ;

pressure in the thorax

decreases / AW ;

ribs

move, up / out ;

volume of the thorax

increases / AW ;

carbon dioxide / water vapour ;

any two from:

large (surface) area ;

thin (surface) / one cell thick / short diffusion distance ;

good blood supply / AW ;

AVP ;

alveoli ;