Biology · Oct / Nov 2020 · Paper 41 · Question 4

any three from:

large / obvious / AW, petals / sepals ;

anthers / stigmas, inside flower ;

filaments are stronger / thicker / AW ;

pollinators must touch anthers, to reach nectar / AW ;

sticky stigma ;

pollen, large ;

pollen, sticky / spiky ;

AVP ; honey guides / landing platforms / mimic insects

anther ;

meiosis / reduction division ;

any one from:

so that diploid number restored (after fertilisation) / AW ;

to enable sexual reproduction ;

(so that the offspring) are genetically different / to allow variation ;

any five from:

pollen transferred to stigma ;

ref to (pollen) tube ;

(pollen) tube, growth / germination ;

(pollen tube grows) down style ;

(pollen tube) enters ovule ;

(ovule is) in the ovary / carpel ;

pollen / male, nucleus fuses with ovule / female, nucleus ;

ref. to fertilisation ;

to form zygote ;

(zygote divides by) mitosis to form an embryo ;

AVP ; e.g. (fertilised) ovule becomes the seed

any two from:

allows, variation / genetic diversity ;

plant more likely to survive (named) environmental change ;

resistance to disease ;

(ability to) evolve ;

ref. to fitness ;

AVP ;

any one from:

grow, GM / wild varieties, in glasshouses ;

cover flowers ;

remove stamens ;

plant another species around the crop ;

make a large, gap / wall, around the field ;

use sterile GM plants ;

grow female plants (only) ;

AVP ;

any two from:

confer resistance, to a (named) factor ;

provide additional, nutrients / AW (to humans) ;

improved, shelf life / flavour / yield / AW ;

environmental protection idea A less use of pesticides / pollution ; AVP ;