Biology · Oct / Nov 2020 · Paper 41 · Question 2

Q / pathogen, are recognized as foreign ;

Q / pathogen, will have specific / unique / AW, antigen ;

S and R are white (blood) cells ;

S / lymphocytes, make antibodies ;

T are antibodies ;

T / antibodies are as specific shape / complementary to,

antigen / pathogen / Q ;

T / antibodies bind to, antigen / pathogen / Q ;

ref. to forming memory cells ;

ref. to, active / long-term, immunity ;

R / phagocytes, engulf, pathogens / antigens ;

R / phagocytes, have enzymes / digest pathogens OR antigens ; AVP ;

support of conclusion:

general decrease, from 1942 / vaccination ;

cases do not return to pre-vaccine levels / AW ;

no cases from 1974 ;

against conclusion:

number of cases increased, (during the 2 years) after the vaccine was introduced / until government made its conclusion ;

took 32 years after vaccine introduced before no cases of disease ; but there are (small) peaks (in cases) / fluctuation (in cases) ;

comparative data quote ;