Economic growth and sustainability
9.2What the syllabus asks of you
- actual growth versus potential growth in national output
- positive and negative output gaps
- business (trade) cycle: phases of the cycle
- business (trade) cycle: causes of the cycle
- business (trade) cycle: role of automatic stabilisers
- policies to promote economic growth and their effectiveness
- inclusive economic growth: definition of inclusive economic growth
- inclusive economic growth: impact of economic growth on equity and equality
- inclusive economic growth: policies to promote inclusive growth
- sustainable economic growth: definition of sustainable economic growth
- sustainable economic growth: using and conserving resources
- sustainable economic growth: impact of economic growth on the environment and climate change
- sustainable economic growth: policies to mitigate the impact of economic growth on the environment and climate change
Drill this topic
Every question on Economic growth and sustainability, untimed, marked as you go.
Make a worksheet
Choose the years and how many questions, then print it with the answers on separate pages.
31 questions
1May / June 2026 · Paper 31 · Q21Show mark scheme →
Athe emergence of supply bottlenecks
Bthe Laffer curve principle
Cthe operation of automatic stabilisers
Dthe underemployment of labour
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2May / June 2026 · Paper 32 · Q18Show mark scheme →
AThe deflationary gap has narrowed.
BThe economy is experiencing actual as well as potential growth.
CThe economy is operating further away from its potential output.
DThere has been a net outward migration of the adult population.
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3May / June 2026 · Paper 33 · Q21Show mark scheme →
Athe emergence of supply bottlenecks
Bthe Laffer curve principle
Cthe operation of automatic stabilisers
Dthe underemployment of labour
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4May / June 2026 · Paper 34 · Q17Show mark scheme →
Aplanting trees to replace those that are being cut down for wood and timber production
Bremoval of rainforests to create grazing land for animals to help meat production
Cthe use of fertilisers for better crop yields that harden the soil and reduce fertility
Dthe use of finite resources instead of renewable resources
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5Oct / Nov 2025 · Paper 33 · Q13Show mark scheme →
Aboom
Brecession
Crecovery
Dtrough
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6Oct / Nov 2025 · Paper 34 · Q16Show mark scheme →
Aexpenditure on imports
Bleisure time of workers
Cnominal wage rates
Dthe general price level
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7Oct / Nov 2025 · Paper 34 · Q18Show mark scheme →
Aincreasing the national minimum wage
Binvestment in transport and infrastructure
Clegislation reducing the power of trade unions
Dusing taxes and transfer payments to redistribute income
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8May / June 2025 · Paper 31 · Q17Show mark scheme →
Aabove trend growth rate; falling
Babove trend growth rate; rising
Cbelow trend growth rate; falling
Dbelow trend growth rate; rising
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9May / June 2025 · Paper 32 · Q18Show mark scheme →
A2025 to 2030
B2025 to 2035
C2030 to 2035
D2030 to 2040
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10May / June 2025 · Paper 33 · Q17Show mark scheme →
Aabove trend growth rate; falling
Babove trend growth rate; rising
Cbelow trend growth rate; falling
Dbelow trend growth rate; rising
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11May / June 2025 · Paper 34 · Q16Show mark scheme →
Aa long-term increase in the actual output of an economy
Ba long-term increase in living standards without damage to the environment
Ca long-term increase in the productive potential of an economy
Da long-term increase in the living standards of every member of society
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12Oct / Nov 2023 · Paper 31 · Q20Show mark scheme →
Aderegulation of industrial production that uses mineral resources and fossil fuel
Bincreased government spending on environmental education, financed through taxes on harmful goods
Cincreased trade barriers on imports to protect domestic jobs and incomes
Dreduced planning regulations to encourage construction in areas of natural beauty
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13Oct / Nov 2023 · Paper 32 · Q22Show mark scheme →
Acreating a more equal distribution of income and wealth
Bdiverting government spending from industry to education
Cencouraging the extraction of finite natural resources
Dintroducing tighter controls on air pollution
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14May / June 2023 · Paper 31 · Q18Show mark scheme →
Agiving more modern fishing boats with larger nets to workers who fish for a living
Bpaying bonus payments for larger fish catches to workers who fish for a living
Csetting up a fish cooperative so that workers who fish for a living receive a higher price for the fish that they catch
Dsubsidising the building of a fish farm in order to encourage workers who fish for a living to switch from sea fishing
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15May / June 2023 · Paper 33 · Q18Show mark scheme →
Agiving more modern fishing boats with larger nets to workers who fish for a living
Bpaying bonus payments for larger fish catches to workers who fish for a living
Csetting up a fish cooperative so that workers who fish for a living receive a higher price for the fish that they catch
Dsubsidising the building of a fish farm in order to encourage workers who fish for a living to switch from sea fishing
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16Feb / March 2023 · Paper 32 · Q19Show mark scheme →
Aa movement of people from rural to urban areas
Ban increase in technical training
Can increase in the size of the population
Drising consumer credit levels
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17Oct / Nov 2022 · Paper 31 · Q24Show mark scheme →
Ageneral price level
Bimport spending
Cspare capacity
Dwage rates
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18Oct / Nov 2022 · Paper 32 · Q24Show mark scheme →
Adecreases / decreases
Bdecreases / increases
Cincreases / decreases
Dincreases / increases
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19Oct / Nov 2022 · Paper 33 · Q18Show mark scheme →
Asubsidies to firms using recycled materials in production
Bgrants for the exploration and exploitation of new oil deposits
Cincreased spending on environmental education in schools
Dtougher legislative controls on emissions of air and water pollution
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20May / June 2022 · Paper 31 · Q18Show mark scheme →
ABrazil was in the downturn of its trade cycle in 2015.
BJapan's real GDP was at its smallest in 2014.
CSpain experienced the worst recession of the period.
DSpain was in the downturn of its trade cycle in 2014.
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21May / June 2022 · Paper 31 · Q24Show mark scheme →
Aa higher potential than actual GDP
Bhigh unemployment
Cinflation
Dlow labour costs
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22May / June 2022 · Paper 32 · Q18Show mark scheme →
Aincreasing the current productive potential of the economy as fast as possible
Bincreasing the current productive potential of the economy by using only low-cost resources
Cincreasing the current productive potential of the economy without reducing future productive potential
Dincreasing the future productive potential of the economy as fast as possible
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23May / June 2022 · Paper 33 · Q18Show mark scheme →
ABrazil was in the downturn of its trade cycle in 2015.
BJapan's real GDP was at its smallest in 2014.
CSpain experienced the worst recession of the period.
DSpain was in the downturn of its trade cycle in 2014.
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24May / June 2022 · Paper 33 · Q24Show mark scheme →
Aa higher potential than actual GDP
Bhigh unemployment
Cinflation
Dlow labour costs
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25Feb / March 2022 · Paper 32 · Q24Show mark scheme →
Athe greater mobility of workers resulting from increased vehicle ownership
Bthe increased levels of income that reduce fertility rates and family size
Cthe relocation of workers from agricultural to manufacturing employment
Dthe use of improved technology to access previously inaccessible natural resources
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26Feb / March 2022 · Paper 32 · Q25Show mark scheme →
AY1Y2
BY1Y3
CY2Y3
DY3Y4
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27Oct / Nov 2021 · Paper 32 · Q23Show mark scheme →
Abuilding larger fishing boats to allow fishermen to enjoy economies of scale
Bclearing rainforest to create agricultural land for the production of much needed foodstuffs
Ctraining farmers and agricultural workers in new production methods to increase crop yields
Dusing its domestic mineral resources to give a rapid increase to manufacturing output
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28Oct / Nov 2021 · Paper 32 · Q28Show mark scheme →
Aan increase in the provision of healthcare facilities
Ban increase in the school leaving age
Ca removal of health and safety regulations
Dthe promotion of export-led growth
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29Oct / Nov 2021 · Paper 33 · Q18Show mark scheme →
Athe difference between actual output and long-run potential output
Bthe difference between actual output and output when labour is fully employed
Cthe difference between the maximum output in a boom and the minimum output in a recession
Dthe difference between the minimum output in a boom and the maximum output in a recession
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30May / June 2021 · Paper 32 · Q18Show mark scheme →
Aachieving the highest growth rate by using all the natural resources
Bcareful management of the use of non-renewable resources
Ceffective protection of the environment, wildlife and landscapes
Dmeeting the needs of both its current and future population
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31Feb / March 2021 · Paper 32 · Q18Show mark scheme →
Ahigh saving rates
Binvolvement in free trade
Cprotected property rights
Drapid population growth
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