The mole and the Avogadro constant
3.3What the syllabus asks of you
- State that the mole, mol, is the unit of amount of substance and that one mole contains 6.02 × 1023 particles, e.g. atoms, ions, molecules; this number is the Avogadro constant
- Use the relationship amount of substance (mol) = molar mass (g / mol) / relative atomic mass or relative molecular / formula mass mass (g) to calculate: (a) amount of substance (b) mass (c) molar mass (d) (e) number of particles, using the value of the Avogadro constant
- Use the molar gas volume, taken as 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure, r.t.p., in calculations involving gases
- State that concentration can be measured in g / dm3 or mol / dm3
- Calculate stoichiometric reacting masses, limiting reactants, volumes of gases at r.t.p., volumes of solutions and concentrations of solutions expressed in g / dm3 and mol / dm3, including conversion between cm3 and dm3
- Use experimental data to calculate the concentration of a solution in a titration
- Calculate empirical formulae and molecular formulae, given appropriate data
- Calculate percentage yield, percentage composition by mass and percentage purity, given appropriate data
Read the notes first
Chapter 3: The mole and the Avogadro constant
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110 questions
1May / June 2026 · Paper 11 · Q9Show mark scheme →
A15.00
B30.75
C61.50
D123.0
Mark scheme
2May / June 2026 · Paper 11 · Q10Show mark scheme →
A48.5%
B71.5%
C75.2%
D77.4%
Mark scheme
3May / June 2026 · Paper 11 · Q11Show mark scheme →
ACH2O
BC2H4O
CC2H4O2
DC2H6O2
Mark scheme
4May / June 2026 · Paper 12 · Q8Show mark scheme →
A1 dm$^3$
B2 dm$^3$
C3 dm$^3$
D4 dm$^3$
Mark scheme
5May / June 2026 · Paper 12 · Q9Show mark scheme →
A0.0208 mol/dm$^3$
B0.0313 mol/dm$^3$
C0.0625 mol/dm$^3$
D0.1875 mol/dm$^3$
Mark scheme
6May / June 2026 · Paper 12 · Q34Show mark scheme →
A0.10
B0.15
C1.00
D1.50
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7Oct / Nov 2025 · Paper 11 · Q10Show mark scheme →
A9.030 × 10$^{23}$
B1.806 × 10$^{24}$
C2.709 × 10$^{24}$
D3.612 × 10$^{24}$
Mark scheme
8Oct / Nov 2025 · Paper 11 · Q11Show mark scheme →
A34%
B48%
C68%
D95%
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9Oct / Nov 2025 · Paper 12 · Q9Show mark scheme →
Ahydrogen, V/4
Bhydrogen, V/2
Coxygen, V/4
Doxygen, V/2
Mark scheme
10Oct / Nov 2025 · Paper 12 · Q10Show mark scheme →
A54.0
B63.2
C67.1
D86.8
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11May / June 2025 · Paper 11 · Q12Show mark scheme →
A10 cm$^3$
B20 cm$^3$
C30 cm$^3$
D40 cm$^3$
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12May / June 2025 · Paper 11 · Q13Show mark scheme →
A5%
B10%
C20%
D40%
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13May / June 2025 · Paper 12 · Q10Show mark scheme →
A200 cm³
B250 cm³
C300 cm³
D500 cm³
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14May / June 2025 · Paper 12 · Q11Show mark scheme →
A16.8
B22.4
C55.9
D72.7
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15May / June 2025 · Paper 12 · Q30Show mark scheme →
ANH4Cl
BNH4NO3
C(NH4)2SO4
DKNO3
Mark scheme
16Oct / Nov 2024 · Paper 11 · Q9Also set in May / June 2019 Paper 12Show mark scheme →
A0.5 g
B6.0 g
C8.0 g
D12.0 g
Mark scheme
17Oct / Nov 2024 · Paper 11 · Q10Show mark scheme →
A1
B2
C3
D4
Mark scheme
18Oct / Nov 2024 · Paper 11 · Q29Show mark scheme →
A19 | 18
B19 | 35
C42 | 18
D42 | 35
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19Oct / Nov 2024 · Paper 11 · Q34Show mark scheme →
A3
B4
C6
D7
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20Oct / Nov 2024 · Paper 12 · Q9Also set in Oct / Nov 2020 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
A0.2 mol of aluminium nitrate, Al(NO3)3
B0.3 mol of potassium sulfate, K2SO4
C0.4 mol of sodium nitrate, NaNO3
D0.5 mol of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3
Mark scheme
21Oct / Nov 2024 · Paper 12 · Q10Show mark scheme →
AC2H4O
BC3H6O2
CC4H8O3
DC8H16O5
Mark scheme
22Oct / Nov 2024 · Paper 12 · Q11Show mark scheme →
ANH4NO3
B(NH4)3PO4
C(NH4)2SO4
D(NH2)2CO
Mark scheme
23Oct / Nov 2024 · Paper 12 · Q31Show mark scheme →
A160 kg
B240 kg
C350 kg
D420 kg
Mark scheme
24Oct / Nov 2024 · Paper 12 · Q38Show mark scheme →
A0.0648 mol / dm³
B0.0772 mol / dm³
C0.154 mol / dm³
D0.309 mol / dm³
Mark scheme
25May / June 2024 · Paper 11 · Q8Show mark scheme →
A$1.20 \times 10^{23}$
B$3.61 \times 10^{23}$
C$1.20 \times 10^{24}$
D$3.61 \times 10^{24}$
Mark scheme
26May / June 2024 · Paper 11 · Q9Also set in Oct / Nov 2020 Paper 11, Oct / Nov 2020 Paper 12Show mark scheme →
A0.5 mol of water
B1.0 mol of carbon dioxide
C1.0 mol of methane
D2.0 mol of hydrogen chloride
Mark scheme
27May / June 2024 · Paper 11 · Q10Show mark scheme →
A1.4 g carbon reacts with excess steam.
$C(s) + H_2O(g) \rightarrow H_2(g) + CO(g)$
B2.4 g calcium hydride, $CaH_2$, reacts with excess water.
$CaH_2(s) + 2H_2O(l) \rightarrow Ca(OH)_2(aq) + 2H_2(g)$
C4.0 g calcium reacts with excess dilute hydrochloric acid.
$Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) \rightarrow CaCl_2(aq) + H_2(g)$
D50 cm$^3$ of 2.0 mol / dm$^3$ sulfuric acid reacts with excess zinc.
$Zn(s) + H_2SO_4(aq) \rightarrow ZnSO_4(aq) + H_2(g)$
Mark scheme
28May / June 2024 · Paper 11 · Q11Show mark scheme →
A1.6 g of NaOH(s) to make 400 cm³ of solution
B3.2 g of NaOH(s) to make 250 cm³ of solution
C4.0 g of NaOH(s) to make 100 cm³ of solution
D8.0 g of NaOH(s) to make 500 cm³ of solution
Mark scheme
29May / June 2024 · Paper 12 · Q9Show mark scheme →
A0.0625 mol/dm³
B0.0800 mol/dm³
C0.125 mol/dm³
D0.250 mol/dm³
Mark scheme
30May / June 2024 · Paper 12 · Q10Show mark scheme →
A39.2%
B45.0%
C67.6%
D90.1%
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31May / June 2024 · Paper 12 · Q31Show mark scheme →
A9
B21
C28
D49
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32Oct / Nov 2023 · Paper 11 · Q8Show mark scheme →
A(NH₄)₂CO₃
BNH₂COONH₄
C(NH₂)₂CO
DNH₄COONH₄
Mark scheme
33Oct / Nov 2023 · Paper 11 · Q9Show mark scheme →
A1.52 × 10²³
B2.54 × 10²³
C6.02 × 10²³
D1.20 × 10²⁴
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34Oct / Nov 2023 · Paper 11 · Q10Show mark scheme →
Acopper | oxygen | oxygen
Bcopper | oxygen | sulfur
Coxygen | zinc | sodium
Doxygen | zinc | sulfur
Mark scheme
35Oct / Nov 2023 · Paper 11 · Q11Show mark scheme →
Abutane
Bethane
Cmethane
Dpropane
Mark scheme
36Oct / Nov 2023 · Paper 12 · Q8Show mark scheme →
AH2X
BHX
CHX2
DH2X2
Mark scheme
37Oct / Nov 2023 · Paper 12 · Q9Show mark scheme →
Aburning 1 g of carbon in excess oxygen
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
Bthermal decomposition of 10 g of calcium carbonate in the air
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Cadding 10 g of sodium carbonate to an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Dadding 50 cm3 of 1 mol/dm3 sulfuric acid to an excess of copper carbonate
CuCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Mark scheme
38Oct / Nov 2023 · Paper 12 · Q10Show mark scheme →
A17.3
B18.4
C20.7
D21.3
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39Oct / Nov 2023 · Paper 12 · Q11Also set in Oct / Nov 2020 Paper 12Show mark scheme →
A45%
B63%
C68%
D89%
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40May / June 2023 · Paper 11 · Q7Show mark scheme →
Acalcium | oxygen | oxygen
Bcalcium | oxygen | zinc
Coxygen | potassium | zinc
Doxygen | potassium | oxygen
Mark scheme
41May / June 2023 · Paper 11 · Q8Show mark scheme →
A0.2 mol of Ca(OH)₂ in 250 cm³ of solution
B0.2 mol of HCl in 100 cm³ of solution
C0.05 mol of H₂SO₄ in 250 cm³ of solution
D0.1 mol of KOH in 1000 cm³ of solution
Mark scheme
42May / June 2023 · Paper 11 · Q9Show mark scheme →
Ax = 5, y = 2
Bx = 5, y = 5
Cx = 7, y = 5
Dx = 7, y = 2
Mark scheme
43May / June 2023 · Paper 11 · Q10Show mark scheme →
A24 dm3 of water at room temperature and pressure
Bone mole of steam at 200 °C and 100 kPa / 1 atm pressure
Cone molecule of water at room temperature and pressure
Dtwo moles of hydrogen molecules and one mole of oxygen molecules
Mark scheme
44May / June 2023 · Paper 12 · Q9Show mark scheme →
A28.1%
B37.5%
C56.3%
D75.0%
Mark scheme
45May / June 2023 · Paper 12 · Q10Show mark scheme →
A11 g
B12 g
C23 g
D30 g
Mark scheme
46May / June 2023 · Paper 12 · Q11Show mark scheme →
Aethane-1,2-diamine, NH2C2H4NH2
Bhydroxylamine, NH2OH
Cmethanamide, HCONH2
Dmethylamine, CH3NH2
Mark scheme
47Oct / Nov 2022 · Paper 11 · Q14Show mark scheme →
ARu2O
BRuO
CRuO2
DRuO4
Mark scheme
48Oct / Nov 2022 · Paper 11 · Q15Show mark scheme →
A3.0 dm³
B6.0 dm³
C12 dm³
D24 dm³
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49Oct / Nov 2022 · Paper 11 · Q16Show mark scheme →
A2.3%
B27%
C92%
D97%
Mark scheme
50Oct / Nov 2022 · Paper 11 · Q28Show mark scheme →
Avolume of sulfuric acid required to make sodium sulfate / cm3: 25; volume of sulfuric acid required to make sodium hydrogensulfate / cm3: 50
Bvolume of sulfuric acid required to make sodium sulfate / cm3: 25; volume of sulfuric acid required to make sodium hydrogensulfate / cm3: 12.5
Cvolume of sulfuric acid required to make sodium sulfate / cm3: 50; volume of sulfuric acid required to make sodium hydrogensulfate / cm3: 12.5
Dvolume of sulfuric acid required to make sodium sulfate / cm3: 50; volume of sulfuric acid required to make sodium hydrogensulfate / cm3: 25
Mark scheme
51Oct / Nov 2022 · Paper 12 · Q13Also set in Oct / Nov 2022 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
A4 g
B8 g
C16 g
D32 g
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52Oct / Nov 2022 · Paper 12 · Q15Show mark scheme →
A10 cm3
B20 cm3
C40 cm3
D200 cm3
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53May / June 2022 · Paper 11 · Q14Show mark scheme →
Aempirical formula CH2O, molecular formula CH2O
Bempirical formula CH2O, molecular formula C2H4O2
Cempirical formula C2H4O2, molecular formula C2H4O2
Dempirical formula CH3O, molecular formula C2H6O2
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54May / June 2022 · Paper 11 · Q35Show mark scheme →
A1
B2
C3
D4
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55May / June 2022 · Paper 12 · Q14Show mark scheme →
A100 cm³ of 1.00 mol / dm³ sodium hydroxide, NaOH
B500 cm³ of 0.05 mol / dm³ sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄
C1.00 dm³ of 0.10 mol / dm³ potassium hydroxide, KOH
D2.00 dm³ of 0.01 mol / dm³ hydrochloric acid, HCl
Mark scheme
56May / June 2022 · Paper 12 · Q15Also set in May / June 2022 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
A27
B51
C54
D102
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57Oct / Nov 2021 · Paper 11 · Q12Show mark scheme →
A10 cm3
B15 cm3
C30 cm3
D35 cm3
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58Oct / Nov 2021 · Paper 11 · Q13Show mark scheme →
A0.0068
B0.085
C0.17
D6.8
Mark scheme
59Oct / Nov 2021 · Paper 11 · Q25Show mark scheme →
A10.6 and 17.5
B10.6 and 35.0
C21.2 and 35.0
D21.2 and 17.5
Mark scheme
60Oct / Nov 2021 · Paper 12 · Q11Also set in Oct / Nov 2021 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
A17.75 g
B35.5 g
C71 g
D142 g
Mark scheme
61Oct / Nov 2021 · Paper 12 · Q12Show mark scheme →
A2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g)
BCH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
CN2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
D2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 6H2O(g) + 4CO2(g)
Mark scheme
62Oct / Nov 2021 · Paper 12 · Q13Show mark scheme →
A0.96 dm3
B1.20 dm3
C1.92 dm3
D2.40 dm3
Mark scheme
63May / June 2021 · Paper 11 · Q10Show mark scheme →
A54.0
B63.2
C67.1
D86.8
Mark scheme
64May / June 2021 · Paper 12 · Q10Show mark scheme →
Ahighest Mr: N2H4; greatest percentage by mass of hydrogen: NH3
Bhighest Mr: N2H4; greatest percentage by mass of hydrogen: N2H4
Chighest Mr: NH2OH; greatest percentage by mass of hydrogen: NH3
Dhighest Mr: NH2OH; greatest percentage by mass of hydrogen: N2H4
Mark scheme
65May / June 2021 · Paper 12 · Q11Also set in May / June 2021 Paper 11, May / June 2018 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
AAl2O3, relative formula mass 102
BCuO, relative formula mass 80
CH2SO4, relative formula mass 98
DHNO3, relative formula mass 63
Mark scheme
66May / June 2021 · Paper 12 · Q12Show mark scheme →
A30 cm3
B50 cm3
C70 cm3
D90 cm3
Mark scheme
67May / June 2021 · Paper 12 · Q13Show mark scheme →
A34%
B48%
C68%
D95%
Mark scheme
68Oct / Nov 2020 · Paper 11 · Q14Show mark scheme →
AN2O
BNO
CNO2
DN2O4
Mark scheme
69Oct / Nov 2020 · Paper 11 · Q15Show mark scheme →
AHCl
BH2SO4
CKOH
DNaOH
Mark scheme
70Oct / Nov 2020 · Paper 12 · Q14Show mark scheme →
A0.0617
B0.0798
C0.113
D0.154
Mark scheme
71May / June 2020 · Paper 11 · Q13Show mark scheme →
A0.24 g
B0.40 g
C2.4 g
D4.0 g
Mark scheme
72May / June 2020 · Paper 11 · Q14Show mark scheme →
A13%
B32%
C42%
D75%
Mark scheme
73May / June 2020 · Paper 11 · Q20Show mark scheme →
AKNO3
BNH4NO3
C(NH4)2SO4
D(NH4)2HPO4
Mark scheme
74May / June 2020 · Paper 12 · Q15Show mark scheme →
A5 cm³ of CO₂ ✓, 10 cm³ of O₂ ✓, 80 cm³ of N₂ ✓, 10 cm³ of steam ✓
B5 cm³ of CO₂ ✓, 10 cm³ of O₂ ✓, 80 cm³ of N₂ ✓, 10 cm³ of steam ✗
C5 cm³ of CO₂ ✓, 10 cm³ of O₂ ✗, 80 cm³ of N₂ ✓, 10 cm³ of steam ✓
D5 cm³ of CO₂ ✓, 10 cm³ of O₂ ✗, 80 cm³ of N₂ ✓, 10 cm³ of steam ✗
Mark scheme
75May / June 2020 · Paper 12 · Q22Show mark scheme →
AX / X
BX / Y
CY / X
DY / Y
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76Oct / Nov 2019 · Paper 12 · Q7Also set in Oct / Nov 2019 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
A24 dm3
B36 dm3
C48 dm3
D96 dm3
Mark scheme
77Oct / Nov 2019 · Paper 12 · Q9Also set in Oct / Nov 2019 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
A5.9%
B17.6%
C35.3%
D50.0%
Mark scheme
78Oct / Nov 2019 · Paper 12 · Q10Also set in Oct / Nov 2019 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
A1 : 1
B1 : 2
C2 : 1
D71 : 2
Mark scheme
79May / June 2019 · Paper 11 · Q11Show mark scheme →
A0.0625 mol / dm3
B0.0800 mol / dm3
C0.125 mol / dm3
D0.250 mol / dm3
Mark scheme
80May / June 2019 · Paper 11 · Q12Show mark scheme →
A32%
B42%
C75%
D100%
Mark scheme
81May / June 2019 · Paper 11 · Q13Show mark scheme →
A24 dm3
B36 dm3
C144 dm3
D216 dm3
Mark scheme
82May / June 2019 · Paper 11 · Q23Show mark scheme →
A17.5
B22.2
C33.3
D35.0
Mark scheme
83May / June 2019 · Paper 12 · Q12Show mark scheme →
A2.0 dm3
B3.0 dm3
C4.0 dm3
D5.0 dm3
Mark scheme
84May / June 2019 · Paper 12 · Q13Show mark scheme →
A10.5%
B21.7%
C44.8%
D61.9%
Mark scheme
85May / June 2019 · Paper 12 · Q17Also set in May / June 2019 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
Abenzene
Bheptane
Coctane
Dpropane
Mark scheme
86May / June 2019 · Paper 12 · Q23Show mark scheme →
A23.3
B25.0
C43.8
D46.7
Mark scheme
87May / June 2019 · Paper 12 · Q34Also set in May / June 2019 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
AC3H7OH
BC3H7COOH
CC3H8
DC4H8
Mark scheme
88Oct / Nov 2018 · Paper 11 · Q11Show mark scheme →
A0.5 dm3
B2.4 dm3
C5.0 dm3
D12 dm3
Mark scheme
89Oct / Nov 2018 · Paper 12 · Q11Show mark scheme →
ACH2O
BC2H4O
CC2H4O2
DC2H6O2
Mark scheme
90Oct / Nov 2018 · Paper 12 · Q22Show mark scheme →
Aammonium nitrate, NH4NO3; formula mass is 80
Bammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4; formula mass is 149
Cammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4; formula mass is 132
Dpotassium nitrate, KNO3; formula mass is 101
Mark scheme
91Oct / Nov 2018 · Paper 12 · Q30Show mark scheme →
A160 kg
B240 kg
C350 kg
D420 kg
Mark scheme
92May / June 2018 · Paper 11 · Q11Show mark scheme →
Acarbon monoxide, CO
Bhydrogen, H2
Cnitrogen, N2
Dnitrogen monoxide, NO
Mark scheme
93May / June 2018 · Paper 11 · Q24Show mark scheme →
A% nitrogen in NH4NO3: 18; % nitrogen in Ca(NO3)2: 14
B% nitrogen in NH4NO3: 18; % nitrogen in Ca(NO3)2: 17
C% nitrogen in NH4NO3: 35; % nitrogen in Ca(NO3)2: 9
D% nitrogen in NH4NO3: 35; % nitrogen in Ca(NO3)2: 17
Mark scheme
94May / June 2018 · Paper 12 · Q10Also set in May / June 2018 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
Abutane, C4H10
Bethane, C2H6
Cmethane, CH4
Dpropane, C3H8
Mark scheme
95May / June 2018 · Paper 12 · Q12Show mark scheme →
A0.37
B0.80
C1.00
D1.25
Mark scheme
96May / June 2018 · Paper 12 · Q24Show mark scheme →
A(NH2)2CO [Mr: 60]
B(NH4)2SO4 [Mr: 132]
C(NH4)3PO4 [Mr: 149]
DNH4NO3 [Mr: 80]
Mark scheme
97Oct / Nov 2017 · Paper 12 · Q9Also set in Oct / Nov 2017 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
Athe density of the compound.
Bthe percentage composition by mass of the compound.
Cthe relative molecular mass of the compound.
Dthe volume occupied by 1 mole of the compound.
Mark scheme
98Oct / Nov 2017 · Paper 12 · Q10Also set in Oct / Nov 2017 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
A9.0 g
B16.0 g
C22.5 g
D25.0 g
Mark scheme
99Oct / Nov 2017 · Paper 12 · Q11Show mark scheme →
A0.5 moles of water
B1.0 moles of carbon dioxide
C1.0 moles of methane
D2.0 moles of hydrogen chloride
Mark scheme
100Oct / Nov 2017 · Paper 12 · Q12Also set in Oct / Nov 2017 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
A17.75 g
B35.5 g
C71 g
D142 g
Mark scheme
101Oct / Nov 2017 · Paper 12 · Q13Also set in Oct / Nov 2017 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
Abutane, C4H10
Bethanol, C2H5OH
Cpropane, C3H8
Dpropanol, C3H7OH
Mark scheme
102May / June 2017 · Paper 11 · Q11Show mark scheme →
AFeO
BFe2O3
CFe3O2
DFe3O4
Mark scheme
103May / June 2017 · Paper 11 · Q12Show mark scheme →
A4
B5
C6
D7
Mark scheme
104May / June 2017 · Paper 12 · Q9Show mark scheme →
Aaqueous silver nitrate and aqueous sodium nitrate
Baqueous sodium chloride and aqueous sodium nitrate
Caqueous sodium chloride only
Daqueous sodium nitrate only
Mark scheme
105May / June 2017 · Paper 12 · Q10Show mark scheme →
A1 dm³
B2 dm³
C3 dm³
D4 dm³
Mark scheme
106May / June 2017 · Paper 12 · Q34Also set in May / June 2017 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
ACH4
BC2H6
CC3H8
DC4H10
Mark scheme
107Oct / Nov 2016 · Paper 11 · Q11Show mark scheme →
AC3H
BCH3
CCH4
DC2H6
Mark scheme
108Oct / Nov 2016 · Paper 12 · Q12Also set in Oct / Nov 2016 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
AC₂H₂
BC₂H₄
CC₃H₄
DC₃H₈
Mark scheme
109Oct / Nov 2016 · Paper 12 · Q32Show mark scheme →
A2M + 2H⁺ → 2M⁺ + H₂
BM + H⁺ → M⁺ + H
CM + 2H⁺ → M²⁺ + H₂
DM + 2H⁺ → M²⁺ + 2H
Mark scheme
110May / June 2016 · Paper 12 · Q10Also set in May / June 2016 Paper 11Show mark scheme →
ANH2CO2NH4
B(NH2)2CO
CNH4CO2NH4
D(NH4)2CO3
Mark scheme