Sociology · Oct / Nov 2021 · Paper 11 · Question 2
0495
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Some sociologists argue that societies have become more child-centred. Youth sub-cultures can be found globally and often rebel against society’s norms and values. However, most young people are successfully socialised into value consensus by the agencies of secondary socialisation. 2
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2(a)[2]
What is meant by the term ‘value consensus’? One mark for partial definition e.g. agree on things. Two marks for clear definition e.g. general agreement across a society on a set of values.
2(b)[4]
Describe two examples of youth sub-cultures. Possible responses:
mods – rode scooters and wore Parker jackets;rockers – rode motorbikes and wore leather and denim;teddy boys – wore subverted Edwardian clothing;McRobbie’s bedroom culture – characterised by inhabiting a gendered space in the bedroom;goths – heavy make-up with black clothing;punks – ripped clothes and spikey hair;hippies – a middle class youth sub-culture that used drugs to explore their inner feelings;skinheads – based on aggressive masculine behaviour and the wearing of big boots;any other reasonable response. One mark for each point correctly identified (up to maximum of two). One mark for each point that is developed (up to a maximum of two).2(c)[6]
Explain how children are socialised by agencies of secondary socialisation. Possible responses:
hidden curriculum – schools have many rules to which pupils must conform e.g. respect for teachers;sanctions – institutions such as school offer positive or negative sanctions to socialise pupils into accepting norms and values, the police also may sanction children to control deviant behaviour;rewards – religious organisations offer the promise of an afterlife to those who adhere to their moral guidance;peer pressure – children may succumb to peer pressure in order to fit in with a peer group;ostracism – children who don’t conform to the values of peer groups may sanction through ostracism and made to feel like outsiders;role modelling – children are faced with role models, who’s attributes they may wish to have, in various agencies of secondary socialisation such as schools or the media;copying/imitation – the media is a large part of children’s life and being impressionable they are likely to copy behaviours they see e.g. Bandura Bobo doll experiment;any other reasonable response. Band 0 [0 marks] No creditworthy response. Band 1 [1–3 marks] Answers in this band will show only a limited awareness of the question. Responses may be short and un/underdeveloped. At the bottom of the band (1 mark), expect one weak point. Higher in the band (2–3 marks), candidates may offer more than one weak point, but there may be a tendency towards simplistic answers, engaging with sociological ideas without using sociological language. Band 2 [4–6 marks] Answers in this band will have clear and accurate explanation, showing good sociological knowledge and understanding. Sociological terms and concepts should be expected and explained. At the bottom of the band, the range of points covered may be narrow or lack detail. Higher in the band, answers will cover more than one point in a well-developed way or cover several points in less detail.2(d)[8]
Explain why modern industrial societies are child-centred. Possible responses:
because parents now spend more time with their children e.g. there is a rise in the number of children that are home schooled;because parents spend more money on their children, this can be seen through the rise of advertising aimed specifically at children who can use ‘pester-power’;because the decline in birth rate has led to smaller families with parents investing more time and money in fewer children;because many societies prioritise children, offering free education, healthcare and dentistry, amongst other things;because expectations about childhood have changed, parents now see childhood as a special time in terms of love, socialisation and protection;because consumption patterns have changed with many consumables having child specific products e.g. children’s food;because there has been a proliferation of child protection policies, very few institutions today don’t have a child protection policy;because, increasingly, social welfare policies have a key focus on children, many welfare benefits are contingent upon the number of children in a family e.g. child benefit;because we now have internationally binding agreements such as The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) which offers 40 separate rights for children;any other reasonable response. Band 0 [0 marks] No creditworthy response. Band 1 [1–3 marks] Answers in this band will show only a limited awareness of the question. A tendency to description is likely. Responses may be short and undeveloped and points stated without explanation. Sociological terms and concepts are unlikely to be used. At the bottom of the band (1 mark), expect one weak point. Higher in the band (2–3 marks), candidates may offer more than one weak point. Band 2 [4–6 marks] Answers in this band will show basic sociological knowledge and understanding. Responses may be underdeveloped and lacking in range. At the bottom of the band, candidates are unlikely to use sociological terms and concepts accurately. Higher in the band, candidates may be beginning to use sociological terms and concepts with greater accuracy. However, some aspects of the answer may only be partially developed/explained. Band 3 [7–8 marks] Answers in this band will show good sociological knowledge and understanding and will be well-developed and explained. Sociological terms and concepts will be used accurately overall. Answers will be well-focused on the question and there will be a range of points presented. At the top of the band explanations will be clear throughout.2(e)[15]
To what extent has globalisation created a global culture? Arguments for:
Hollywood films are seen all over the world and often express Western values;social media and the internet have made it easier for people all round the world to come together and share ideas;fashion – market leading brands such as Nike and Adidas are worn and advertised in all parts of the world;food – transnational corporations like McDonalds are able to offer similar food in outlets across the globe;English is the dominant language particularly on the internet;sports that originated in Europe are now dominant across the globe and played by all cultures e.g. football;transnational companies exist across the globe – these are vast employers that are able to shape the values of workers;capitalism and western liberal democracy is seen as the only successful way to run a country, developing countries must follow this model to secure investment;cheap travel and tourism has helped spread dominant cultural values all around the world;any other reasonable response. Arguments against:despite Hollywood being dominant there are many national film industries such as Bollywood or Nollywood;despite mass migration, the existence of multicultural societies provides a space to maintain traditional cultural values;there is cultural diversity within societies and certain groups set up their own schools and churches to maintain their cultural values e.g. the Amish;some countries such as China restrict people’s access to the internet and consequently protect their culture from outside influence;some countries such as France help maintain their culture by setting legal limits on foreign media imports such as film and music;some indigenous tribes exist in the world with no influence from or interaction with the ‘outside world’;Muslim fundamentalists and jihadists such as the Taliban in Afghanistan and Boko Haram in Nigeria violently reject Western culture;hybrid cultures are developing that remain unique to particular places e.g. McDonalds will develop menus specifically for a particular location;any other reasonable response. Band 0 [0 marks] No creditworthy response. Band 1 [1–4 marks] Answers in this band may be vague and largely based on common sense showing limited knowledge of the debate. Use of sociological terms or concepts is very unlikely. Responses may be short, undeveloped and one- sided. Lower in the band (1–2 marks), expect one or two weak points. Higher in the band (3–4 marks) candidates may offer more than two points and provide a weak definition of key terms in the question. Band 2 [5–8 marks] In this band candidates will show some basic knowledge of the debate. Alternatively, they may offer an answer which is list-like in nature but there will be no real attempt to assess the issues raised by the question. There may be limited/some use of sociological terms or concepts. Responses may be underdeveloped and lack range. Answers may be simplistic and two-sided or only cover one side of the debate. Lower in the band, the response may be rather narrow in the points covered and there may be some development. Higher in the band, more points are likely to be covered with some development. Alternatively, a list-like answer with some development covering both sides of the argument may score up to 8 marks. A one-sided answer cannot score higher than 8 marks. Band 3 [9–12 marks] Answers in this band will show good sociological knowledge and understanding of the debate. Sociological terms and concepts will be used with greater accuracy and/or frequency. For the most part, answers will be well-developed, focused on the questions and there will be a range of points presented. There will be a two-sided response but it may lack range on one side. At the bottom of the band, candidates may provide a narrower range of developed points. At the top of the band, expect a wider range of developed points and clear focus on the question. Band 4 [13–15 marks] Answers in this band will show excellent knowledge and understanding of the debate. There will be a strong grasp of the arguments as well as accurate and frequent use of sociological terms and concepts. Answers will be well- developed, clearly focused on the question and discuss a wide range of points. Responses will be two-sided and have a range of points on each side. At the bottom of the band (13 marks), the answer may lack a specific conclusion. Higher in the band, there will be a clear attempt to offer an assessment of the ‘To what extent.?’ part of the question through a focused conclusion.
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