Pakistan Studies · May / June 2016 · Paper 1 · Question 1

According to Source A, what problems were caused by Cyclone Bhola in 1970? [3]

Reward each correct statement identified from source with 1 mark, up to a maximum of 3. It destroyed villages and crops. Nearly 1 million people died. 85% of the area was destroyed. 3 months later 75% of population were receiving food from aid workers. There were ill feelings towards West Pakistan over the amount of aid

What does Source B tell us about the outcome of the conflict between East Pakistan and West Pakistan? LEVEL 1: Identify surface features from the source [1]

It shows a peace treaty. LEVEL 2: Unsupported inferences [2–3] It suggests that the ending of the conflict was an important event. LEVEL 3: Inference(s) supported by detail from the source and/or contextual knowledge [4–5] It suggests that the ending of the conflict was an important event because there are military men of high rank witnessing the signing of a peace treaty. The source shows that the Indian army had become involved in the conflict. The end of the conflict led to the formation of Bangladesh. The source suggests that this news was important so would be broadcast around the subcontinent and probably the world.

Why did the victory of the Awami League in the 1970 elections in Pakistan cause a constitutional crisis? LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer [1]

It was a popular party. LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons [2–4] The politicians of West Pakistan were worried about the consequences of East Pakistan running the National Assembly. LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5–7] President Yahya Khan was not willing to allow the Awami League to take over the National Assembly by forming a government. The Awami League had won a landslide victory in East Pakistan and the National Assembly and was in a position to form a government on its own. The future Prime Minister and the entire cabinet could be formed from the Awami League. Even though Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the Pakistan People’s Party had won an overwhelming victory in West Pakistan, it was likely it would have no role in the future government. The Awami League had won the election on a programme limiting the power of central government over the provinces. The different areas of the country wanted to have control over their foreign exchange earned from trade which would subsequently reduce the funds to the central government in West Pakistan.

How successful have relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh been from 1971 to 1999? Explain your answer. LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement [1–2] They were good. LEVEL 2: Identifies/describes the relationship between Pakistan and Bangladesh [3–4] The two countries started trading again. LEVEL 3: Explains successes OR failures [5–7] LEVEL 4: Explains successes AND failures [6–9] Successes: In 1974 the Prime Minister Sheikh Mujib was invited to meeting of the Organisation of Islamic Countries in Lahore. Pakistan agreed to officially recognise Bangladesh. The countries agreed to view each other as Muslim friends and to resolve their differences. In 1975/6 there was an exchange of ambassadors and an agreement was reached to cooperate on trade, tourism and the media. In 1986 trade between the two countries reached a value of $40 million. In 1985 and 1988 Pakistan was the first country to provide aid to Bangladesh due to severe weather. Failures: Pakistan withdrew from Commonwealth and SEATO. Some non-Bengalis reported facing persecution and deprivation in Bangladesh. In 1974 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited Bangladesh to discuss the redistribution of shared assets but nothing was agreed. There was disagreement over the role of non-Bengalis in Bangladesh. LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation [10]