Pakistan Studies · May / June 2026 · Paper 11 · Question 1

0448

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Study the sources (Insert) carefully and then answer the questions which follow. 1

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1(a)[3]
According to Source A, state three priorities identified by President Yahya Khan in his welcome speech to the US President.
Target: AO4
‘peace at home’ (1)
‘peace abroad’ (1)
‘resolve differences with India’
‘reduce tensions / bring peace to both areas / the Middle East (1) and Vietnam’ (1)
‘use of science and technology to bring peace / prosperity’ (1) One mark for each statement correctly identified from the source.
Note: candidates may paraphrase but content must be derived from the bullet point statements above.
1(b)[5]
What can we learn from Source B about the relationship between Pakistan and the USA in 1970?
Target: AO1, AO4
Level 3 (4–5 marks) Supported valid inference(s)
one valid inference supported by a surface feature from source B [4]
additional valid inference(s) supported by surface feature(s) from source B or one valid inference supported by a surface feature from source B and contextual knowledge [5]
Level 2 (2–3 marks) Unsupported valid inference(s)
one unsupported valid inference [2]
additional unsupported valid inference(s) [3]
Level 1 (1 mark) Identifies a surface feature
Any correct surface feature taken from source B [1]
Level 0 (0 marks) No creditable response
Note: In Level 2 an unsupported valid inference can only be credited if it can be inferred directly from the source.
Note: In Levels 1–3 a response that does not use source B cannot be credited.
Indicative content
Surface feature
both Presidents are smiling
Yahya Khan is looking at the President
the President is looking at the camera
both Presidents are wearing suits
they are meeting in the White House
Valid unsupported inference
relations are good / positive / friendly / happy / peaceful
relations are formal / important / respectful
the United States and Pakistan support each other
the two countries want to work together / there is goodwill between the two countries
Pakistan is outward looking in its international relations
the relationship is equal
Contextual knowledge
they are sitting in the White House which is the home of the President of the USA
the US President wanted Pakistan’s support in his attempt to forge relations with China
President Yahya Khan wanted USA’s support over Kashmir
Other relevant responses should also be credited.
1(c)[7]
Explain why General Yahya Khan came to power in 1969.
Target: AO1, AO2
Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1.
Indicative content
the government of Ayub Khan became less popular during the 1960s
his industrial and agricultural reforms did not help everyone
taxes and prices increased and there were food shortages
the government was criticised over the building of a new capital city
most of the nation’s wealth was concentrated among a few families according to a Planning Commission report
in 1966 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Foreign Minister) resigned
in 1968 Ayub Khan’s government introduced a series of policies that were opposed by other political parties, leading to unrest
Ayub Khan resigned as president and handed control over to the military Other relevant responses should also be credited.
Do not accept anything before Ayub Khan took power e.g. One Unit Scheme
Level of response, Table 1: used to mark the part (c) question in Section A and part (b) questions in Section B
Target: Demonstrates knowledge and understanding of the past through historical explanation (AO1, AO2)
Level 3 (5–7 marks): Explanation
one explanation [5]
two explanations or one developed explanation [6]
additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) [7]
Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
Level 2 (2–4 marks): Identification/ description
Identifies and/or describes using relevant and accurate contextual knowledge (1 mark per identification/ description)
Level 1 (1 mark): General answer
Valid general comment lacking specific knowledge
Level 0 (0 marks): No creditable response
1(d)[10]
Assess the extent to which President Yahya Khan’s commitment to restoring democracy in Pakistan was successful. Explain your answer. Target: AO1, AO2
Level 5 (10 marks) Explains with evaluation/ judgement
Explanation at the top of Level 4 with an evaluation/ judgement supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
Level 4 (7–9 marks) Explanation of both sides of the issue
one explanation of each side of the issue [7]
two explanations or one developed explanation of one-side of the issue and an explanation of the other side of the issue [8]
additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) from either side of the issue [9]
Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
Level 3 (4–6 marks) Explanation of one-side of the issue
one explanation [4]
two explanations or one developed explanation [5]
additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) [6]
Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
Level 2 (2–3 marks) Identification/ description of the issue
Identifies and/or describes the issue using relevant and accurate contextual knowledge (1 mark per identification/ description)
Level 1 (1 mark) General answer
Valid general comment lacking specific subject knowledge
Level 0 (0 marks) No creditable response
Indicative content
may agree that President Yayha Khan’s commitment to restoring democracy was successful:
Yahya Khan ended the One Unit Scheme and
he announced free elections would take place in 1970
he increased the number of seats allocated to East Pakistan in the National Assembly (to 169)
the Awami League won almost all the seats allocated to East Pakistan in the 1970 election
counter-arguments might include:
free elections led to the need to share power between the PPP and the Awami League but no compromise could be found
Yahya Khan was unwilling to accept domination by East Pakistan with its majority population
Mujib-ur-Rahman was arrested on the orders of the President and political activity banned
protest and unrest increased in East Pakistan and the use of Pakistani troops to restore law and order was blamed on Yahya Khan
he was blamed for India’s involvement and led to his resignation Other relevant responses should also be credited.

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