Biology · Oct / Nov 2025 · Paper 42 · Question 4

grasshopper / marmot ;

grass → grasshopper → marmots / (corsac) fox → (steppe) eagle ;

any two from:

idea that energy is lost between each trophic level ;

named example of energy loss ;

if less energy available then less biomass can be supported ;

any three from:

1

little genetic variation ;

2

increased risk of, genetic / inherited, disease ;

3

inbreeding / inbred ;

4

decreased heterozygosity / greater chance that an organism may be homozygous (recessive) ;

5

less likely to adapt to changes in the, environment /

AW ;

6

increased susceptibility to (transmissible) disease ;

7

AVP ;

any four from:

1

(named) protection of habitat ;

2

ref to legislation protecting species / banning hunting ;

3

monitoring / tracking / named example of monitoring ;

4

education / awareness campaigns ;

5

provision of (named), food / nutrients / veterinary care ;

6

removal of predators ;

7

removal of invasive species ;

X – fertilisation ;

Y – mitosis / cell division ;

Z – implantation ;