Biology · May / June 2025 · Paper 42 · Question 5

any four from:

1

active transport ;

2

(movement of particles / nitrate ions) from a low concentration to a high concentration / against OR up the concentration gradient OR there are more (nitrate) ions in the cell / root hair than the soil ; 3

pass, through / across, cell / partially permeable, membrane ; 4

using protein, carriers / molecules ;

5

using energy (from respiration) ;

lightning and (nitrogen fixing) bacteria ;

osmosis ;

total of five from:

differences to max 3:

root hair cells have:

1

nucleus / nuclear membrane ;

2

mitochondria ;

3

(large permanent) vacuole ;

4

cellulose cell wall / cell wall made of a different substance ; 5

linear DNA ;

6

no plasmids ;

7

AVP ;

similarities to max 3:

8

cell wall ;

9

cell membrane ;

10 cytoplasm ;

11 DNA / genetic material ;

12 ribosomes ;

13 AVP ;