Biology · Oct / Nov 2023 · Paper 42 · Question 6

oestrogen ;

progesterone ;

placenta ;

6 / six ;

lymphocytes ;

56 / fifty-six ;

3 / three ;

any two from:

1

breastfeeding supplies antibodies before the baby starts making (enough of its) own ;

2

provides the baby with passive immunity ;

3

protection against / immunity from, infection / (named)

pathogens / (named) diseases ;

4

idea that it provides all the nutrients required by the baby ;

5

forms a bond (between mother and baby) ;

6

(stated) health benefit for mothers ;

7

milk at, the right temperature / body temperature ;

8

no need to prepare milk / sterilisation not required ;

9

AVP ;

any two from:

passive immunity / antibodies from mother, during pregnancy / before birth / across the placenta ;

vaccination or giving antigen(s) by, injection / mouth ;

injection of antibodies ;

(active immunity) following infection (by a pathogen) ;

any three from:

each (named) pathogen has antigens (on surface) ;

ref. to specificity ;

(shape) is complementary ;

antibodies bind to antigens ;

antibodies, mark pathogens for destruction / destroy pathogens ;

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ;