Biology · Oct / Nov 2021 · Paper 41 · Question 2

selection of suitable letter and case for alleles, e.g. R and r ; parental phenotypes: red fruit

x

red fruit

parental genotypes: Rr ; x

Rr ;

gametes:

R r x R r ;

offspring genotypes: (1)RR and (2)Rr and (1)rr ;

expected ratio: 3 (red fruit) : 1 (yellow fruit) ;

(perform a) test cross ;

any two from:

ref. to photosynthesis ;

transfers light energy into chemical energy ;

to make, carbohydrates / glucose / starch / AW ;

magnesium ;

any three from:

1

chlorophyll concentration decreases in both ;

2

lycopene concentration increases in both ;

3

(lycopene) increases from zero (in unripe fruit) ;

4

ref to lycopene change being much larger than chlorophyll change / AW ;

5

comparative data quote to support observations (with units used at least once) ;

6

AVP ;

DNA ;

any two from:

cross-breeding with wild populations of plants ;

expensive ;

(named) unknown long-term effects (on the

environment / populations) ;

ethical considerations with manipulating ‘nature’ ;

AVP ;