Biology · May / June 2021 · Paper 41 · Question 3

any three from:

(small so do) not need much space ;

rapid reproduction rate / AW ;

can make complex molecule(s) ;

no ethical concerns over use ;

idea that genetic code is universal ;

they have plasmids ;

idea that plasmids are used, as vectors / in genetic engineering ; simple requirements / AW, so, easy / cheap, to grow ;

AVP ;

pancreas ;

(type 1) diabetes ;

reduces blood sugar concentration ;

1 y-axis = number / population, of (living) bacteria per (1.0) mm3 and

2 x-axis = time / hours / days ;

P – lag

Q – exponential / log

R – stationary

S – death / decline

;;

any three from:

limiting factor(s) / factors that limit ;

not enough space / overpopulation ;

competition ;

fewer / no, (named) nutrient(s) / food ;

not enough oxygen ;

change in pH / increase in acidity ;

increase in temperature ;

build-up of, (named) toxic / waste, substances ;

total of three from:

importance of iron to max 2

to make / for, haemoglobin ;

to make / for, red blood cells ;

for transport of oxygen ;

AVP ;

effects of iron deficiency

(iron-deficiency) anaemia ;

any symptom of anaemia ;

restriction (enzyme) ;

any two from:

use same (restriction) enzyme to cut cassava DNA ;

sticky ends are, formed / joined ;

ref. to complementary, ends / base pairs ;

(joined by) ligase ;

any two from:

idea that need to check that offspring inherit ‘new’ gene / trait ; ensure new (GM) variety can grow in field conditions / AW ;

make sure the ‘new’ gene does not cause any adverse effects ; make sure (GM) plants have, the same / a high enough, yield ; idea of building up a large quantity of, seed / plants, to sell to farmers ; AVP ;